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991.
Dr. Theodore I. Anderson M.D. 《Group》1993,17(1):13-20
Many open-ended psychotherapy groups have fewer than five members, and fewer than the number the therapist considers necessary for the group to be filled. This paper discusses the rationale for starting such groups and the special dynamics of running them. It then suggests strategies for the therapist to use in maximizing their therapeutic effectiveness. Suggestions are made for further research into the demographic and dynamic aspects of such groups. 相似文献
992.
993.
David C. Randall David R. Brown Laura V. Brown Jay M. Kilgore Marty M. Behnke Samuel K. Moore Karen R. Powell 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1993,28(3):258-269
The objective of these experiments was to quantify the pattern of change in arterial blood pressure (BP) during a discriminative
aversive classical conditioning paradigm in rat using a new “high resolution” computer analysis. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5)
were restrained in a soft, conical cloth pouch and conditioned using a 6 sec. pulsed tone (CS+) followed by a 0.5 sec. tail
shock; a steady tone, never followed by shock, served as a CS-. BP peaked at 16.4±6.5 mm Hg (mean±SD) above control at 1.5±0.1
sec. after onset of CS+. This “first component” (“C1”) also occurred during CS- (12.1±3.8 mm Hg), although the magnitudes of the two were significantly (p<0.05) different. Another
group of rats (n=8) was treated identically except the tones were 15 seconds long. The conditional BP response consisted of
two components. C1 was reminiscent of that seen using the short tone: for CS+ a peak of 13.6±5.6 mm Hg at 1.5 sec. or, for CS-, of 10.0±4.3
at 1.3 sec. (p<0.05). In CS+ trials BP peaked again (“C2,” 7.4±2.5 mm Hg) at 8.3±1.2 sec. There was no statistically significant C2 for CS- trials, clearly demonstrating discrimination between tones. The unconditional BP response in both groups consisted
of two large, closely spaced peaks in BP. Respiration was recorded in 3 additional rats. After shock delivery these subjects
often showed a sudden shift between (1) a regular respiratory pattern with moderate chest excursion and (2) apneic episodes
interspersed with single, deep breaths. This latter pattern was associated with large, low frequency fluctuations in BP. Continued
development of the rat conditioning paradigm is especially warranted because of the ability to record sympathetic nerve activity
in intact, awake subjects and the large number of readily available genetic strains, which model human pathological states. 相似文献
994.
995.
Hostility patterns and health implications: correlates of Cook-Medley Hostility Scale scores in a national survey 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
J C Barefoot B L Peterson W G Dahlstrom I C Siegler N B Anderson R B Williams 《Health psychology》1991,10(1):18-24
Correlated Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho) scores with sociodemographic variables in a national survey of 2,536 adults. Multiple regression models revealed that Ho scores were associated with race (p less than .0001), years of education (p less than .001), sex (p less than .001), occupation (p = .0002), and income (p = .0025). Higher scores were found in non-Whites, men, and those of lower socioeconomic status. There was a Race x Income interaction (p less than .005), such that the greatest Ho score differences between the races occurred among those with the lowest incomes. Age was related to Ho scores in a curvilinear fashion: higher scores in the youngest and oldest age groups than in the middle-aged groups (p = .025). Marital status was unrelated to Ho scores. These patterns of hostility are similar to the patterns of health indicators in the population. Because hostility has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes, hostility may account for some of the demographic variations in health status. However, it is argued that research must first establish the generality of the hostility-health relationship across subgroups of the population. 相似文献
996.
REFLECTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN MEMORY 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
997.
Margaret D. Anderson 《Behavior research methods》1991,23(2):334-335
998.
999.
1000.
Is temporal order encoded automatically? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rose T. Zacks Lynn Hasher Joseph W. Alba Henrianne Sanft Karen Caniglia Rose 《Memory & cognition》1984,12(4):387-394
The reported experiment tested the suggestion that encoding of temporal order is automatic. Specifically, two of Hasher and Zacks’s (1979) automaticity criteria were examined: (1) that the amount and appropriateness of practice received would not affect acquisition of temporal information, and (2) that reliable individual differences would not be found on a test of memory for temporal order. Contrary to expectations, neither of these criteria was confirmed: Retention of temporal order increased with practice at three (or four) successive lists. And, reliable individual differences were indicated by the findings that subjects’ relative performance levels remained stable across lists, and that groups with higher average academic ability outperformed those with lower ability. Similar results were obtained for a flee-recall task (in which case they were expected). Problems of assessing degrees of nonautomaticity are discussed. Our data are seen to be in general conformity with Tzeng’s (e.g., Tzeng & Cotton, 1980) “study-phase” retrieval theory of temporal coding. 相似文献