全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7007篇 |
免费 | 116篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
7124篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 29篇 |
2020年 | 42篇 |
2019年 | 57篇 |
2018年 | 185篇 |
2017年 | 166篇 |
2016年 | 262篇 |
2015年 | 174篇 |
2014年 | 102篇 |
2013年 | 334篇 |
2012年 | 360篇 |
2011年 | 376篇 |
2010年 | 102篇 |
2009年 | 99篇 |
2008年 | 146篇 |
2007年 | 140篇 |
2006年 | 142篇 |
2005年 | 1400篇 |
2004年 | 758篇 |
2003年 | 537篇 |
2002年 | 235篇 |
2001年 | 71篇 |
2000年 | 44篇 |
1999年 | 60篇 |
1998年 | 44篇 |
1997年 | 51篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 44篇 |
1993年 | 37篇 |
1992年 | 45篇 |
1991年 | 64篇 |
1990年 | 79篇 |
1989年 | 68篇 |
1988年 | 43篇 |
1987年 | 58篇 |
1986年 | 58篇 |
1985年 | 56篇 |
1984年 | 49篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 40篇 |
1978年 | 24篇 |
1977年 | 21篇 |
1975年 | 33篇 |
1974年 | 46篇 |
1973年 | 36篇 |
1972年 | 26篇 |
1971年 | 29篇 |
1969年 | 22篇 |
1968年 | 24篇 |
排序方式: 共有7124条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
311.
Over the last years several European patents were opposed for protecting technology violating the morality requirement under
Article 53(a) EPC. Attempts have been made by the Appeal Boards of the European Patent Office (EPO), as well as by amendments
introduced into the Implementing Regulations of the European Patent Convention (EPC), to address this sensitive patentability
requirement more precisely. The most recent hot topic coming up in this context is the patentability of stem cells. It is
to be expected that this discussion will still go on in the field of biotechnological inventions for the next several years.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
312.
Gurry F 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):13-20
Intellectual property has historically been a self-contained policy at the international level. With the introduction of the
TRIPs Agreement in 1994 and developments since the conclusion of the TRIPs Agreement, the relationship between intellectual
property policy and other areas of public policy has become much more complex and interactive. This shift reflects the centrality
of intellectual property in the knowledge economy, the rapid development of enabling technologies, notably the Internet and
biotechnology, and the advent of the networked society. The consequences of this shift are manifold and herald the increased
sophistication and complexity that may be expected of intellectual property regimes in the knowledge economy.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
313.
Taylor PL 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):589-616
Key ethical issues arise in association with the conduct of stem cell research by research institutions in the United States.
These ethical issues, summarized in detail, receive no adequate translation into federal laws or regulations, also described
in this article. U.S. Federal policy takes a passive approach to these ethical issues, translating them simply into limitations
on taxpayer funding, and foregoes scientific and ethical leadership while protecting intellectual property interests through
a laissez faire approach to stem cell patents and licenses. Those patents and licenses, far from being scientifically and
ethically neutral in effect, virtually prohibit commercially sponsored research that could otherwise be a realistic alternative
to the federal funding gap. The lack of federal funding and related data-sharing principles, combined with the effect of U.S.
patent policy, the lack of key agency guidance, and the proliferation of divergent state laws arising from the lack of Federal
leadership, significantly impede ethical stem cell research in the United States, without coherently supporting any consensus
ethical vision. Research institutions must themselves implement steps, described in the article, to integrate addressing ethical
review with the many legal compliance issues U.S. federal and state laws create.
The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own, and are not necessarily the opinions of others, including Children’s
Hospital Boston. Portions of earlier versions of this article were previously published by the American Bar Association and
the New York State Bar Association. 相似文献
314.
Simonson L 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):655-658
This paper describes how the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
has chosen to integrate ethics into their curriculum. All university freshmen engineering students are introduced to ethics
through the presentation of ethical dilemmas. During this exercise, students are forced to argue both sides (‘for’ and ‘against’)
of a hypothetical ethical engineering dilemma. It provides a setting for great discussion with the desired outcome that they
learn to carefully analyze a situation before they draw conclusions. In the sophomore year, students are introduced to methods
to use the fundamental principles, the fundamental canons, and the suggested guidelines for use with the fundamental canons
of ethics when analyzing appropriate action to be taken when confronted with ethical dilemmas. We currently use the ‘sophomore’
method for seniors because the sequencing is just beginning. Next year the seniors will do more indepth analysis of ethical
case studies.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Association for Practical and Professional
Ethics, February 24–27, 2005. 相似文献
315.
Nanotechnology — A new field of ethical inquiry? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Grunwald A 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(2):187-201
Parallel to the public discussion on the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, a debate on the ethics of nanotechnology has
begun. It has been postulated that a new “nano-ethics” is necessary. In this debate, the — positive as well as negative —
visionary and speculative innovations which are brought into connection with nanotechnology stand in the foreground. In this
contribution, an attempt is made to discover new ethical aspects of nanotechnology in a more systematic manner than has been
the case. It turns out that there are hardly any completely new ethical aspects raised by nanotechnology. It is much rather
primarily a case of gradual shifts of emphasis and of relevance in questions which, in principle, are already known and which
give reason for ethical discussions on nanotechnology. In a certain manner, structurally novel ethical aspects arise through
the important role played by visions in the public discourse. New questions are also posed by the fact that previously separate
lines of ethical reflection converge in the field of nanotechnology. The proposal of an independent “nano-ethics”, however,
seems exaggerated. 相似文献
316.
Smith JH 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(3):451-458
When considering offering online education for engineering ethics instruction, making choices necessary for the effective
development and delivery of an engineering ethics curriculum is an important first step. Selecting the topics and types of
cases for the most effective ethics education of engineering students is a vital step in preparing an effective program. Examples
are presented for topics which are considered good candidates for online presentation, and the adaptability of these topics
for web-based instruction is discussed. Types of cases which are useful in engineering ethics education are presented. Methods
of teaching applied ethics, as well as ideas for web-based ethics course design are suggested. The market for web-based instruction
is discussed. 相似文献
317.
Loui MC 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(3):435-46; discussion 447-9
To support the teaching of ethics in science and engineering, educational technologies offer a variety of functions: communication between students and instructors, production of documents, distribution of documents, archiving of class sessions, and access to remote resources. Instructors may choose to use these functions of the technologies at different levels of intensity, to support a variety of pedagogies, consistent with accepted good practices. Good pedagogical practices are illustrated in this paper with four examples of uses of educational technologies in the teaching of ethics in science and engineering. Educational technologies impose costs for the purchase of hardware, licensing of software, hiring of support personnel, and training of instructors. Whether the benefits justify these costs is an unsettled question. While many researchers are studying the possible benefits of educational technologies, all instructors should assess the effectiveness of their practices. 相似文献
318.
319.
This article argues that the intellectual legacy of Rousseau is at the root of the failure of 20th century egalitarian theorists
such as Rawls and Dworkin to engage intellectually with feminist theorists working within the liberal tradition. Through an
extended critique of Rousseau’s delineation of the relationship between liberal citizenship and the private family, it argues
that the failure of such liberal theorists to take gender hierarchy seriously is a consequence of their attempt to place the
private family outside the sphere not only of politics, but also of justice. 相似文献
320.