Book Reviews

H annah , B arbara . Jung, his life and work.
K ohut , H einz . The restoration of the self.
F romm , E rich The anatomy of human destructiveness
H aley , A lex . Roots.
S wainson , M ary . The spirit of counsel.     

The Occupational Stereotypes and Expectations for Their Children Held by Mothers Representing Different Ethnic Communities in Miami1

The study focuses on the occupational expectations and aspirations that mothers, representing 5 different ethnic groups and 2 social classes, have for their children. An intergroup perspective was adopted by considering the occupational stereotypes that mothers have of the different ethnic groups, and the extent to which ethnic group membership influences hiring decisions. The results indicate that there exist very clear ethno-occupational stereotypes, and that these influence hiring decisions. However, despite wide variation in the occupational status in the stereotypes of different ethnic groups, mothers had universally high expectations for their children. The extent to which these represent optimism or false hope is addressed.     

Differential cerebral involvement in the cognitive functioning of bilinguals

The cognitive processing strategies of two groups of French-English bilinguals were studied by means of an auditory Stroop test designed to evaluate cerebral hemispheric involvement. An “early bilingual” group were bilingual before the age of 5, and a “late bilingual” group were bilingual after the age of 10. Stimuli were words uttered in pitches that were related to word meanings either congruently (as in the word “high” uttered in a high pitch) or incongruently (the word “haute” uttered in a low pitch). In one condition, subjects were to differentiate low from high pitches, disregarding meaning, while in a second condition, they were to disregard pitch and respond to word meanings. Measures of field independence were also taken. Results of data analyses suggest that male early bilinguals—the most field independent subgroup—process meaning efficiently in both cerebral hemispheres, but process pitch better in the right hemisphere. However, male late bilinguals and female bilinguals, both early and late, process meaning more rapidly in the right cerebral hemisphere and pitch equally rapidly in both hemispheres. The findings are interpreted as reflecting hemisphere-based strategy and sex differences in information-processing by the two bilingual groups.     

Behavioral contrast: Research and areas for investigation

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in reinforcement rate in one context results in a change in behavior in the opposite direction in an unchanged context. Despite decades of study by basic researchers, behavioral contrast has remained largely an unstudied phenomenon among applied researchers. The purpose of this paper is to occasion translational and applied research on behavioral contrast with the aim of predicting and controlling socially significant behavior in unchanged contexts. We present a brief history of contrast and related definitions, review research with human and nonhuman subjects, and suggest future directions for applied and translational researchers.     

Cell phone usage relational regulation strategies of older South Africans

This study explored older South Africans’ relational regulation strategies in using their cell phones to address their social goals and psychosocial needs. Nineteen older South Africans (17 female; 2 male), aged 60 and older, who had access to a cell phone and represented different socio-economic levels based on the Living Standard Measurement (LSM) scale, participated in the Mmogo-method®, a visual data-collection method. Thematic and visual analysis revealed that the subjective assessment of cell phone users’ competence determined the type of relational regulation strategy they apply. Findings revealed older persons to adopt three relational regulation strategies in their cell phone use: (i) postponement of need satisfaction; (ii) asking directly; or (iii) negotiating for needs satisfaction. The findings might facilitate programmes that promote cell phone use in older persons to address their social needs and promote healthy intergenerational interactions.     

Developmental Variation in the Associations of Attention Bias to Emotion with Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Attention biases to emotion are associated with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. It is...     

The Effect of Abolishing Operations on Mand Acquisition During Functional Communication Training

Journal of Behavioral Education - Previously applied research has shown independent manding is not likely to emerge when functional communication training (FCT) is implemented in conjunction with...