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91.
Children's change over time in frequency of finger use on number combinations was examined in relation to their change in accuracy. Performance was tracked longitudinally over 11 time points, from the beginning of kindergarten (mean age = 5.7 years) to the end of second grade (n= 217). Accuracy in number combinations increased steadily during the time period while frequency of finger use declined. Correlations between finger use and accuracy decreased gradually, ranging from 0.60 in kindergarten to -0.15 at the end of second grade. Low-income children showed linear growth in frequency of finger use while middle-income children slowed down by second grade and even started to decline. Although girls and boys showed similar growth patterns in frequency and accuracy, boys used their fingers less often than girls and were more accurate. The findings indicate that finger use is most adaptive when children are first learning number combinations, but this benefit lessens over time. 相似文献
92.
Kaplan RM 《The American psychologist》2007,62(3):217-219
This issue of the American Psychologist (April 2007) includes two reviews of the literature on the effects of behavioral programs to reduce body weight. One review (T. Mann et al., 2007) concentrates on dietary interventions and finds little evidence that diets are of benefit. The second review (L. H. Powell, J. E. Calvin III, & J. E. Calvin Jr., 2007) concentrates on multicomponent interventions and reports some significant achievements of behavioral interventions. Although the reviews come to different conclusions about the value of supporting weight loss interventions, there appears to be agreement that diet alone results in little or no long-term benefit. Evidence-based multicomponent behavioral interventions or interventions that combine behavioral with medical or surgical treatments may offer better chances of long-term weight control. Evidence-based studies are needed to inform policy on provider reimbursement for weight loss programs. 相似文献
93.
Bert Schreurs Celina Druart Karin Proost Karel De Witte 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2009,17(1):35-46
The present study examined the moderating influence of the Big Five personality factors in the relationship between five symbolic, trait‐based inferences about organizations (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Prestige, and Ruggedness) and organizational attractiveness. Drawing on the similarity‐attraction paradigm, six hypotheses were formulated, stating that the relationship between trait‐based inferences and organizational attractiveness would be stronger for persons who perceive the organization as similar to them. Results of moderated regression analyses on data from a sample of 245 prospective applicants for the Belgian military revealed two significant two‐way interactions, showing that Sincerity was positively related to organizational attractiveness only for individuals high on Conscientiousness, and that the relationship between Excitement and organizational attractiveness is more positive for individuals high on Openness to Experience. Practical implications, strengths and limitations, as well as directions for further research are presented. 相似文献
94.
Paula I. Martin Margaret A. Naeser Michael Ho Karl W. Doron Jacquie Kurland Jerome Kaplan Yunyan Wang Marjorie Nicholas Errol H. Baker Felipe Fregni Alvaro Pascual-Leone 《Brain and language》2009,111(1):20-35
Two chronic, nonfluent aphasia patients participated in overt naming fMRI scans, pre- and post-a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatments as part of a TMS study to improve naming. Each patient received 10, 1-Hz rTMS treatments to suppress a part of R pars triangularis. P1 was a ‘good responder’ with improved naming and phrase length; P2 was a ‘poor responder’ without improved naming.Pre-TMS (10 years poststroke), P1 had significant activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex, R IFG, and in both L and R SMA during overt naming fMRI (28% pictures named). At 3 mo. post-TMS (42% named), P1 showed continued activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex, R IFG, and in R and L SMA. At 16 mo. post-TMS (58% named), he also showed significant activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex mouth and R IFG. He now showed a significant increase in activation in the L SMA compared to pre-TMS and at 3 mo. post-TMS (p < .02; p < .05, respectively). At 16 mo. there was also greater activation in L than R SMA (p < .08). At 46 mo. post-TMS (42% named), this new LH pattern of activation continued. He improved on the Boston Naming Test from 11 pictures named pre-TMS, to scores ranging from 14 to 18 pictures, post-TMS (2–43 mo. post-TMS). His longest phrase length (Cookie Theft picture) improved from three words pre-TMS, to 5–6 words post-TMS.Pre-TMS (1.5 years poststroke), P2 had significant activation in R IFG (3% pictures named). At 3 and 6 mo. post-TMS, there was no longer significant activation in R IFG, but significant activation was present in R sensorimotor cortex. On all three fMRI scans, P2 had significant activation in both the L and R SMA. There was no new, lasting perilesional LH activation across sessions for this patient. Over time, there was little or no change in his activation. His naming remained only at 1–2 pictures during all three fMRI scans. His BNT score and longest phrase length remained at one word, post-TMS.Lesion site may play a role in each patient’s fMRI activation pattern and response to TMS treatment. P2, the poor responder, had an atypical frontal lesion in the L motor and premotor cortex that extended high, near brain vertex, with deep white matter lesion near L SMA. P2 also had frontal lesion in the posterior middle frontal gyrus, an area important for naming (Duffau et al., 2003); P1 did not. Additionally, P2 had lesion inferior and posterior to Wernicke’s area, in parts of BA 21 and 37, whereas P1 did not.The fMRI data of our patient who had good response following TMS support the notion that restoration of the LH language network is linked in part, to better recovery of naming and phrase length in nonfluent aphasia. 相似文献
95.
David M. Kaplan 《Human Studies》2009,32(2):229-240
This paper praises and criticizes Peter-Paul Verbeek’s What Things Do (2006). The four things that Verbeek does well are: (1) remind us of the importance of technological things; (2) bring Karl Jaspers
into the conversation on technology; (3) explain how technology “co-shapes” experience by reading Bruno Latour’s actor-network
theory in light of Don Ihde’s post-phenomenology; (4) develop a material aesthetics of design. The three things that Verbeek
does not do well are: (1) analyze the material conditions in which things are produced; (2) criticize the social-political
design and use context of things; and (3) appreciate how liberal moral-political theory contributes to our evaluation of technology. 相似文献
96.
The present research provided a test of the Ferris, Buckley, and Allen (1992) model depicting the antecedents and consequences of promotion systems in organizations. A 2-study design is utilized to investigate the role of promotion system characteristics as mediating the relationship between organizational factors, environmental factors, and job factors/employee characteristics and perceptions of organizational justice and advancement opportunity. Results provide convergence of support for the model across both studies. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
Mark Kaplan 《Synthese》2010,176(1):41-55
Orthodox Probabilists hold that an inquirer ought to harbor a precise degree of confidence in each hypothesis about which
she is concerned. Modest Probabilism is one of a family doctrines inspired by the thought that Orthodox Probabilists are thereby
demanding that an inquirer effect a precision that is often unwarranted by her evidence. The purpose of this essay is (i)
to explain the particular way in which Modest Probabilism answers to this thought, and (ii) to address an alleged counterexample
to Modest Probabilism meant to offer proof that Modest Probabilism is no better than its orthodox predecessor at avoiding
unwarranted precision. 相似文献
100.