Verbal deception from late childhood to middle adolescence and its relation to executive functioning skills

The present investigation examined 8- to 16-year-olds' tendency to lie, the sophistication of their lies, and related cognitive factors. Participants were left alone and asked not to look at the answers to a test, but the majority peeked. The researcher then asked a series of questions to examine whether the participants would lie about their cheating and, if they did lie, evaluate the sophistication of their lies. Additionally, participants completed measures of working memory, inhibitory control, and planning skills. Results revealed that the sophistication of 8- to 16-year-olds' lies, but not their decision to lie, was significantly related to executive functioning skills.     

全国高考英语试题的城乡项目功能差异分析

本研究主要目的是针对高考英语成绩存在的城乡差异,检验这种差异是否来源于试题在城乡上的项目功能差异。如果两个能力本来相同的考生群体在某一试题得分上表现出不同程度的差异,该试题就存在项目功能差异。研究采用试题标准化分数差法,利用STDIF软件逐一分析了2016年三套全国高考英语卷的客观题是否存在城乡上的项目功能差异,在确定客观题没有项目功能差异后,以客观题成绩为匹配变量,采用条件得分图法对书面表达题是否存在城乡上的项目功能差异进行了分析。研究结果显示,高考英语全国I、II、III卷均未发现城乡上的项目功能差异试题,即可以认为高考英语全国卷对城乡不同户籍考生都非常公平、公正,城乡考生在英语成绩上的差异并非题目的公平性所致。     

Conservative protestants and engagement with sexual minorities living with HIV: the role of disgust and recategorizing contact

Conservative Protestants in the United States have historically distanced themselves from gay men, lesbians, and transgender persons living with HIV based largely on fears of moral contamination which are propagated by disgust. We argue how disgust can implicitly reify social divides that engender condemnation and subjugation. However, we will propose that it is achievable to safeguard the traditional tenets of sexuality and gender among conservative Protestants and actively oppose misapplications of those tenets to exclude persons living with HIV. We will support our thesis by describing the work of a medical clinic founded on conservative Protestant ideology that serves hijras and kotis living with HIV in India. We will introduce how applications of recategorizing contact, cognitive consistency, and cultural scaffolding are formative in maintaining one’s ideological integrity without enacting exclusion based on fear and disgust.     

时间管理倾向与生活质量关系的调查研究

用自编成人时间管理倾向量表和生活质量综合评定问卷对重庆市75名不同职业者进行问卷调查,以探讨时间管理倾向与生活质量的关系。研究结果表明：时间管理倾向各维度没有显著的性别差异,但在时间价值感、时间监控观和总体评价上存在文化程度的差异;生活质量中的四个维度也不存在性别差异,但在物质生活状况维度上存在显著的文化程度的差异;时间管理倾向和生活质量之间存在显著相关,时间管理效能对躯体功能、心理功能和社会功能具有显著的预测作用。     

Arithmetic operation and working memory: differential suppression in dual tasks

The relationship between arithmetic function and working memory was examined using a dual-task paradigm for either phonological or visuo-spatial suppression. Simultaneous phonological rehearsal significantly delayed the performance of multiplication but not subtraction, whereas holding an image in the mind delayed subtraction but not multiplication. This result indicates that arithmetic function is related to working memory in a subsystem-specific manner: multiplication is more closely linked to phonological loop and subtraction to visuo-spatial sketchpad. Whereas this is not compatible with the notion that arithmetic is done on a unitary, amodal representation of numbers, it provides support for the triple-code and/or the modular processing models on human numerical cognition in which number representations are specific for input/output modality and arithmetic types.     

Ratings of perceived exertion throughout an ultramarathon during carbohydrate ingestion

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and their relation to selected physiological mediators during endurance exercise have been limited to laboratory settings. The present study characterized the pattern of change in perceptual responses and examined the relation between RPE and selected physiological variables during a long competitive sporting event, i.e., an ultramarathon race (68 km). A single-group design was employed in which all of the 28 subjects provided their perceptual ratings 11.9 +/- 0.2) and heart rate (HR) (138 +/- 3) periodically (every 5 km) throughout the ultramarathon, and selected physiological responses were measured before, once during (32 km), and immediately after the race. Runners drank approximately 1,000 ml of carbohydrate beverage each hour (60 gm carbohydrate hr.(-1)) and ate 2 or 3 carbohydrate gel packs per hour (25 gm each(-1)). RPE increased significantly throughout the course of the ultramarathon. No significant correlations were found between RPE and HR at any time throughout the ultramarathon. RPE averaged 10.4 +/- 0.4 at the beginning of the race (6.4 km) and 15.4 +/- 0.4 at the conclusion of the race. Subjects maintained 76.9 +/- 1.1% of maximal heart rate; however, there was a tendency for heart rate to drop significantly after 32 km. Significant time main effects were found for serum glucose, insulin, and cortisol throughout the race. However, no significant correlations were found between RPE and any of these physiological mediators. These data indicate that during an ultramarathon race there is a progressive increase in RPE without an accompanying increase in HR or decrease in blood glucose. Therefore, during competitive self-paced exercise the perceptual responses may be mediated through other neurological and physiological mechanisms.     

人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响

食物在社会生活中发挥着重要作用, 具有性别文化意义。两个研究分别探索了外显与内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在及其对人物评价的影响。研究1采用提名法、自我报告法和语义启动范式检验外显和内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在, 结果表明被试均持“男性偏好男性化食物, 女性偏好女性化食物”的外显食物性别刻板印象, 女性被试持有内隐食物性别刻板印象。研究2采用情境实验法和内隐关系评估程序进一步测量被试对食物性别刻板不一致目标人物在热情和能力维度上的评价, 结果发现人们对食物性别刻板不一致男性在热情维度的内隐评价更加积极。     

Does parental coaching affect children's false reports? Comparing verbal markers of deception

The present study examined differences in children's true and false narratives as a function of parental coaching by comparing the verbal markers associated with deception. Children (N = 65, 4–7 years old) played the same game with an adult stranger over three consecutive days. Parents coached their children to falsely allege that they had played a second game and to generate details for the fabricated event. One week after the last play session, children were interviewed about their experiences. For children with the least amount of parental coaching, true and false reports could be distinguished by multiple verbal markers of deception (e.g., cognitive processes, temporal information, self‐references). The fabricated reports of children who spent more time being coaching by a parent resembled their truthful reports. These findings have implications for real‐world forensic contexts when children have been coached to make false allegations and fabricate information at the behest of a parent.     

iTemplate: A template-based eye movement data analysis approach

Current eye movement data analysis methods rely on defining areas of interest (AOIs). Due to the fact that AOIs are created and modified manually, variances in their size, shape, and location are unavoidable. These variances affect not only the consistency of the AOI definitions, but also the validity of the eye movement analyses based on the AOIs. To reduce the variances in AOI creation and modification and achieve a procedure to process eye movement data with high precision and efficiency, we propose a template-based eye movement data analysis method. Using a linear transformation algorithm, this method registers the eye movement data from each individual stimulus to a template. Thus, users only need to create one set of AOIs for the template in order to analyze eye movement data, rather than creating a unique set of AOIs for all individual stimuli. This change greatly reduces the error caused by the variance from manually created AOIs and boosts the efficiency of the data analysis. Furthermore, this method can help researchers prepare eye movement data for some advanced analysis approaches, such as iMap. We have developed software (iTemplate) with a graphic user interface to make this analysis method available to researchers.