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111.
Two experiments examined young children's use of behavioral frequency information to make behavioral predictions and global personality attributions. In Experiment 1, participants heard about an actor who behaved positively or negatively toward 1 or several recipients. Generally, children did not differentiate their judgments of the actor on the basis of the amount of information provided. In Experiment 2, the actor behaved positively or negatively toward a single recipient once or repeatedly. Participants were more likely to make appropriate predictions and attributions after exposure to multiple target behaviors and with increasing age. Overall, children's performance was influenced by age-related positivity and negativity biases. These findings indicate that frequency information is important for personality judgments but that its use is affected by contextual complexity and information-processing biases. 相似文献
112.
This study investigated the effect of different types of distractions related to use of a hands-free phone on driving performance. The study used three types of verbal distractors: casual conversation, simple arithmetic number guessing, and number adding, in the phone conversation. 12 adults were instructed to follow a lead vehicle on a closed-course highway in a fixed-based driving simulator. The results showed that use of a hands-free cellular phone involving verbal and cognitive distractions impaired driving performance and skill. Types of distraction produced significantly different effects on several dependent variables: the driving speed, headway (distance between the lead car and the manipulated car), brake reaction time, and number of collisions with the lead car. In general, the higher the cognitive load involved in the dialogue, the worse the driving performance. 相似文献
113.
This paper carries out an intensive study of Heidegger's famous reflection on the word dao and of his citations from the Daodejing, with the purpose of elucidating his complex relation with Daoist thinking. First I examine whether dao could be said to be a guideword for Heidegger's path of thinking. Then I discuss Heidegger's citations, in six places of his writings, from five chapters of the Daodejing, by situating them in the immediate textual context as well as against the broad background of the fundamental presuppositions and orientations of Heidegger and Laozi's thinking. My examination of Heidegger's citations from the Daodejing has for the first time gathered together all the relevant materials discovered so far. 相似文献
114.
We used a contextual priming paradigm to examine top-down influences on the face-inversion effect. Adult participants were primed with either faces or Chinese characters and then tested on ambiguous figures that could be perceived as either faces or Chinese characters, dependent on the priming condition. The ambiguous figures differed from one another in their configural information, which is crucial for processing faces but not Chinese characters. The inversion effect was observed in the face-priming condition, but not in the character-priming condition. The present results provide the first direct evidence that top-down activation of the face-processing expertise system plays a crucial role in the face-inversion effect. 相似文献
115.
Preschoolers' theory-of-mind development follows a similar age trajectory across many cultures. To determine whether these similarities are related to similar underlying ontogenetic processes, we examined whether the relation between theory of mind and executive function commonly found among U.S. preschoolers is also present among Chinese preschoolers. Preschoolers from Beijing, China (N= 109), were administered theory-of-mind and executive-functioning tasks, and their performance was compared with that of a previously studied sample of U.S. preschoolers (N= 107). The Chinese preschoolers outperformed their U.S. counterparts on all measures of executive functioning, but were not similarly advanced in theory-of-mind reasoning. Nonetheless, individual differences in executive functioning predicted theory of mind for children in both cultures. Thus, the relation between executive functioning and theory of mind is robust across two disparate cultures. These findings shed light on why executive functioning is important for theory-of-mind development. 相似文献
116.
Rainer Romero-Canyas Geraldine Downey Kathy Berenson Ozlem Ayduk N. Jan Kang 《Journal of personality》2010,78(1):119-148
ABSTRACT Rejection sensitivity is the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. In response to perceived social exclusion, highly rejection sensitive people react with increased hostile feelings toward others and are more likely to show reactive aggression than less rejection sensitive people in the same situation. This paper summarizes work on rejection sensitivity that has provided evidence for the link between anxious expectations of rejection and hostility after rejection. We review evidence that rejection sensitivity functions as a defensive motivational system. Thus, we link rejection sensitivity to attentional and perceptual processes that underlie the processing of social information. A range of experimental and diary studies shows that perceiving rejection triggers hostility and aggressive behavior in rejection sensitive people. We review studies that show that this hostility and reactive aggression can perpetuate a vicious cycle by eliciting rejection from those who rejection sensitive people value most. Finally, we summarize recent work suggesting that this cycle can be interrupted with generalized self-regulatory skills and the experience of positive, supportive relationships. 相似文献
117.
Chin-Wei Chang Hung-Yi Hsiao Chieh-Hsin Tang Ying-Ji Chuang Ching-Yuan Lin 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(1):21-33
The current study applies semantic differential to explore the semantic perception of emergency signs, in an attempt to analyze
the meanings of emergency signs in regard to the psychological exigencies of the general public. The results indicate that
problems concerning recognition accuracy have been observed, but also that the evaluation of the semantic meaning of the signs
is positive. However, a number of emotional factors also emerge, indicating that if improvements should be made to the existing
emergency signs, it would better facilitate evacuation in the event of an emergency. As for the design guidelines, the emergency
signs should be readily recognizable and have a single meaning. Multiple symbolic meanings should be eliminated. Concrete
design guidelines include: (a) safety movement, (b) clarity, and (c) safety. To avoid confusion in sign recognition, in addition
to the improvements made based on the abovementioned guidelines, educational promotional activities carried out by the government
would also prove very beneficial. 相似文献
118.
Kang Ouyang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(4):643-657
Globalization was just emerging but did not really take shape during Karl Marx’s time. In fact, both Karl Marx and Engels
predicted the trend of globalization but did not really live in such a time. Therefore, globalization is still a new issue
and a new research area for Marxist philosophy today. Based on the distinctions between some important concepts such as globalization
and modernization, this paper probes the problems concerning the development of modernity theory, social morphology and civilization
theory, and the Marxist theory of values raised in the process of globalization. The paper also explores some theoretical
issues concerning the socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics in the Marxist philosophy, and contemplates possible
research areas, angles and methods of Marxist philosophical research in the global era.
__________
Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2005 (9) by Ouyang Kang, Liu Yumei, Zhu Lingling 相似文献
119.
Confucians emphasizes and values morality, hence observers tended to regard moralities as politics so that the independent
politics in the Confucian tradition has become implicit. Through a perusal of the Analects of Confucius, we can find that ethics and politics were separated from and independent of each other to Confucius, the primitive Confucian:
he did not substitute ethics for politics.
__________
Translated from Nanjing Shifan Daxue Wenxueyuan Xuebao 南京师范大学文学院学报 (Journal of School of Chinese at Nanjing Normal University) by Huang Deyuan 相似文献
120.