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91.
We used the Fuzzy-Trace Theory (FTT) perspective to investigate the role of context switching or reinstatement on correct and false recognition in Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) and simple false memory for occurrence (FMO) tasks. In two experiments, participants studied words presented against unique picture backgrounds. The results indicated that providing specific item-context associative information in the reinstated-context test condition enhances verbatim trace retrieval of targets but does not influence their gist retrieval. In the case of false recognitions of related distracters, manipulations of retrieval context resulted in different effects across experiments, putatively because the DRM and FMO tasks involve different latent-processes implied by FTT. The results confirmed the critical role of retrieval conditions for false and correct recognition memory and showed the insights that can be gained from the process-level multinomial modelling analyses of data obtained in particular experimental paradigms. 相似文献
92.
When people synchronize taps with isochronously presented stimuli, taps usually precede the pacing stimuli [negative mean
asynchrony (NMA)]. One explanation of NMA [sensory accumulation model (SAM), Aschersleben in Brain Cogn 48:66–79, 2002] is that more time is needed to generate a central code for kinesthetic-tactile information than for auditory or visual stimuli.
The SAM predicts that raising the intensity of the pacing stimuli shortens the time for their sensory accumulation, thereby
increasing NMA. This prediction was tested by asking participants to synchronize finger force pulses with target isochronous
stimuli with various intensities. In addition, participants performed a simple reaction-time task, for comparison. Higher
intensity led to shorter reaction times. However, intensity manipulation did not affect NMA in the synchronization task. This
finding is not consistent with the predictions based on the SAM. Discrepancies in sensitivity to stimulus intensity between
sensorimotor synchronization and reaction-time tasks point to the involvement of different timing mechanisms in these two
tasks. 相似文献
93.
Marcin Lewi��ski 《Argumentation》2011,25(4):469-497
In this article I address the following question: When are reformulations in argumentative criticisms reasonable and when do they become fallacious straw men? Following ideas developed in the integrated version of pragma-dialectics, I approach argumentation as an element of agonistic exchanges permeated by arguers?? strategic manoeuvring aimed at effectively defeating the opponent with reasonable means. I propose two basic context-sensitive criteria for deciding on the reasonableness of reformulations: precision of the rules for interpretation (precise vs. loose) and general expectation of cooperativeness (critical vs. constructive). On the basis of analysis of examples taken from online political discussions, I argue that in some contexts, especially those that are critical and loose, what might easily be classified as a straw man following conventional treatment should be taken as a harsh, yet reasonable, strategic argumentative criticism. 相似文献
94.
Marzena Cypryańska John B. Nezlek Aleksandra Jaskółowska Magdalena Maria Formanowicz 《The Journal of social psychology》2017,157(2):129-142
Self-humanization is defined as the tendency to view oneself as more essentially human than others. Researchers have claimed that people attribute human nature traits more strongly to themselves than to others, but not uniquely human traits. In this article we suggest that such claims are based on the misinterpretation of results. Most studies have not presented mean comparative judgments, making it impossible to determine whether people thought they possessed characteristics less strongly or more strongly than the average person. We found that people (N = 256) in Poland, Italy, and Korea perceived themselves as possessing desirable human nature and uniquely human characteristics more than others, as possessing undesirable uniquely human traits less than others, and as similar to others in terms of undesirable human nature characteristics. It seems that being more human than others means possessing some traits more than others and possessing some traits less than others. 相似文献
95.
Aneta Brzezicka Jan Kamiński Olga Katarzyna Kamińska Dorota Wołyńczyk-Gmaj Grzegorz Sedek 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(5):868-878
Cognitive deficits in depression are mostly apparent in executive functions, especially when integration of information and reasoning is required. In parallel, there are also numerous studies pointing to the frontal alpha band asymmetry as a psychophysiological marker of depression. In this study, we explored the role of frontal alpha asymmetry as a potential factor explaining the cognitive problems accompanying depression. Twenty-six depressed and 26 control participants completed a reasoning task and underwent 5 minutes of electroencephalography recording. In line with the previous studies, depressed people showed difficulties with reasoning but we did not observe the relationship between frontal asymmetry in the alpha band and depression. However, we found that in the depressed group the frontal alpha asymmetry index was characterised by larger variance than in the control group, and it was also a strong predictor of cognitive functioning exclusively in the depressed group. Our results point to the disruption of a psychophysiological balance, reflected in changed frontal alpha asymmetry (into more left-sided frontal asymmetry in the alpha band, reflecting more right-sided cortical activity) as a possible brain correlate of cognitive disturbances present in depressive disorders. 相似文献
96.
This essay attempts to elaborate a first thorough comparative analysis of August Cieszkowski and Nikolaj Berdjaev. Although
the latter is well known as one of the most important Russian philosophers, the former is hardly known beyond the Polish borders.
This general lack of recognition contrasts with the fact that Cieszkowski played a significant role in nineteenth century
philosophy in Germany, France, Poland and Russia. A comparative analysis of Cieszkowski and Berdjaev will undergird the idea
that Cieszkowski was not merely a ‘marginal’ figure in the history of philosophy. This essay has sought the reasons why Berdjaev
considered himself to a large extent as a disciple of Cieszkowski. The stress is put on the central aspects of both philosophers’
thinking: freedom, praxis and the way they relate to morality in general. 相似文献
97.
Many species have been shown to encode multiple sources of information to orient. To examine what kinds of information animals
use to locate a goal we manipulated cue rotation, cue availability, and inertial orientation when the food-storing Clark’s
nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was searching for a hidden goal in a circular arena. Three groups of birds were used, each with a different goal–landmark
distance. As the distance between the goal and the landmark increased, nutcrackers were less accurate in finding the correct
direction to the goal than they were at estimating the distance (Experiment 1). To further examine what cues the birds were
using to calculate direction, the featural cues within the environment were rotated by 90° and the birds were either oriented
when searching (Experiments 2 and 3) or disoriented (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, all distinctive visual cues were removed
(both internal and external to the environment), a novel point of entry was used and the birds were either oriented or disoriented.
We found that disorienting the nutcrackers so that they could not use inertial cues did not influence the birds’ total search
error. The birds relied heavily but not completely on cues within the environment, as rotating available cues caused them
to systematically shift their search behavior. In addition, the birds also relied to some extent on Earth-based cues. These
results show the flexible nature of cue use by the Clark’s nutcracker. Our study shows how multiple sources of spatial information
may be important for extracting multiple bearings for navigation. 相似文献
98.
Rzeszutek Marcin Gruszczyńska Ewa Firląg-Burkacka Ewa 《Applied research in quality of life》2019,14(4):1113-1127
Applied Research in Quality of Life - The aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of the sample of people living with HIV (PLWH) in terms of psychological well-being (PWB) using the... 相似文献
99.
100.