Neurocognitive functioning of preschool children with uncomplicated epilepsy

Only few studies are available on the cognitive functioning of preschool children with uncomplicated epilepsy. The aim of this study was to describe the neurocognitive functioning of 3–6-year-old children with uncomplicated epilepsy. A subgroup of children with uncomplicated epilepsy from a population based cohort of preschool children with active epilepsy (N = 64) participated in the study. The neurocognitive functioning of these children (N = 13) was compared to that of matched healthy controls (N = 13). The Wechsler's Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence - Revised and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment were administered. The intellectual functioning of the children with uncomplicated epilepsy was within normal range, but differed significantly from that of healthy controls, which was contrary to expectations. Statistically significant differences emerged between the study and the control group in Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ, but no differences were found in Performance IQ. The children with uncomplicated epilepsy also had minor neurocognitive difficulties in verbal short-term memory (p <.01) compared to healthy children. The result suggests that uncomplicated epilepsy in preschool children may interfere with language and verbal short-term memory functions. Further studies with detailed neuropsychological assessments and follow-up time are needed to gain more insight into the developmental course of children with uncomplicated epilepsy. Also, because of the developmental risks reported in this study, psychological screening and detailed neuropsychological assessment are recommended in clinical practice.     

中国道教协会组团赴台湾参访

应台湾台中谷关大道院的邀请,以中国道教协会副会长黄信阳为团长的大陆道教界参访团一行36人,于9月3日赴台,参加了谷关大道院举办的"八八蟠桃圣会",并参访了台湾部分道教官观和道教团体.参访团由中国道教协会5人、湖北省道教协会6人和武当山道教协会25人共同组成,成员包括中国道教协会副秘书长张立光、湖北省道教协会会长吴诚真、武当山道教协会副会长刘文国等.     

Parametric induction of animacy experience

Graphical displays of simple moving geometrical figures have been repeatedly used to study the attribution of animacy in human observers. Yet little is known about the relevant movement characteristics responsible for this experience. The present study introduces a novel parametric research paradigm, which allows for the experimental control of specific motion parameters and a predictable influence on the attribution of animacy. Two experiments were conducted using 3D computer animations of one or two objects systematically introducing variations in the following aspects of motion: directionality, discontinuity and responsiveness. Both experiments further varied temporal kinematics. Results showed that animacy experience increased with the time a moving object paused in the vicinity of a second object and with increasing complexity of interaction between the objects (approach and responsiveness). The experience of animacy could be successfully modulated in a parametric fashion by the systematic variation of comparably simple differential movement characteristics.     

"六经注我":宋代理学的阐释学——兼谈朱熹在经学阐释史上的贡献

中国学术和思想的发展历史可谓经学的阐释历史,汉代经学和宋代理学则是这一历史发展的两个关键期。朱熹就是宋代理学确立的关键人物。文章在叙述宋代理学的兴起及发展过程中,探讨了经学向理学转向过程中的阐释学思想的变迁,通过这一历史梳理,说明朱熹在其中的贡献和历史地位。文章包括五部分内容:一、经典文本的重新确立,二、“理一分殊”与本体阐释,三、“尊德性”与“道问学”,四、“六经注我”与“我注六经”,五、朱熹在经学阐释史上的贡献。     

Intentions and expectations in temporal binding

Recently, it has been shown that the perceived times of voluntary movements and their effects are perceived as shifted towards each other. This temporal binding phenomenon was explained by an integrated representation of movement and effect, facilitating operant learning and the experience of intentionality. Here, we investigated whether temporal binding depends on explicit intentional attributions. In Experiment 1, participants intended to either produce or avoid producing an effect (a tone) by the timing of their movements, with the ratio of success being fixed at 2:1. In Experiments 2 and 3, the influence of the action-effect contingency ratio on temporal binding was controlled for by removing the intentional attribution of the effect. The results indicate that temporal binding is a general associative mechanism that facilitates the learning of movement-effect contingencies. Beyond that, temporal binding is sensitive to explicit intentional attributions, which selectively enhance the link between an intentional movement and the effect a moving agent intends to produce.     

Self‐regulation of Group Members: The Case of Regulatory Focus

For a long time, research on motivation and (inter)group behaviour mainly focused on needs and motives, but did not take self‐regulation (i.e., the processes underlying motivated action) into account. Similarly, self‐regulation research concentrated on the regulation of the personal self, but did not study the regulation of the social self. The current article summarizes work applying self‐regulation approaches to intergroup behaviour. Within this approach, it has been shown (a) that the social self is regulated based on the same mechanisms as the personal self, (b) that intergroup contexts impact on group members’ self‐regulation strategies, and (c) that the fit between an individual's self‐regulation strategy and the behavioural options provided by the group impact on group liking and potentially also on the integration of the group into the self‐concept. The relation between current and earlier approaches to motivation in groups and further avenues for research on group‐based self‐regulation are discussed.     

变革型领导力和交易型领导力：团队绩效的预测指标

在高不确定,高度竞争,高度挑战的任务情景下,领导力在团队中将扮演怎样的角色？变革型领导力与交易型领导力又是如何预测团队任务绩效的？为了回答这些问题,该研究对130名学生被试,31个团队,用ERP沙盘模拟游戏来进行模拟实验。通过高度模拟现实中企业经营的情景,从而提高实验结果的外部效度。实验结果表明,变革型领导力与交易型领导力都能够积极地预测团队任务绩效,消极领导力与任务绩效呈负相关,虽然并没有达到统计学显著水平,但研究结果的方向都支持了实验假设。     

Is g an entity? A Japanese twin study using syllogisms and intelligence tests

Using a behavioral genetic approach, we examined the validity of the hypothesis concerning the singularity of human general intelligence, the g theory, by analyzing data from two tests: the first consisted of 100 syllogism problems and the second a full-scale intelligence test. The participants were 448 Japanese young adult twins (167 pairs of identical and 53 pairs of fraternal twins). Data were analyzed for their fit to two kinds of multivariate genetic models: a common pathway model, in which a higher-order latent variable, g, was postulated as an entity; and an independent pathway model, in which the higher-order latent variable was not posited. These analyses revealed that the common pathway model which included additive genetic and nonshared environmental factors best accounted for the three distinct mental abilities: syllogistic logical deductive reasoning, verbal, and spatial. Both the substantial g-loading for syllogism-solving, historically recognized as the symbol of human intelligence, and the emergence of g as an entity at an etiological level, that is, at the genetic and environmental factor level, provide further support for the g theory.     

The impact of regulatory focus on affective responses to social discrimination

The impact of individuals' regulatory focus and the domain of outcomes (non‐gains vs. losses) on the target's affective responses to social discrimination were tested. Based on regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997 ), it was predicted that a prevention focus would lead to more anger and agitation after social discrimination, because experiencing social discrimination is similar to experiencing failure. This pattern was predicted to be more pronounced when social discrimination was based on losses than when social discrimination was based on non‐gains (i.e., when the in‐group was evaluated more negatively vs. less positively compared to the out‐group). The results of three studies using chronic and situationally induced regulatory focus confirmed these predictions. No effect was found for the promotion focus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

再认条件下元监测判断的影响因素

探讨了再认条件下元监测判断的影响因素。以中文双字词对作为实验材料 ,安排在不同预先呈现时间、有无进行有意识记 ,以及不同识记遍数等条件下进行元监测判断。用计算机随机呈现项目 ,再认之前先让被试做元监测判断 ,判断是否是记过的项目的把握程度 ,再对有意识记过的项目做迫选再认 ,作为标准测验 ,以验证元监测判断的准确性。结果是预先呈现时间长、有意识记过的和识记遍数多的项目 ,对其再认的反应时较短 ,相应的元监测判断等级也较高 ;对只看而未有意记过的项目的判断是呈现时间长的判断等级反而低于呈现时间短的。此结果表明 ,再认条件下 ,元监测判断的等级的高低与识记项目的激活程度有关