Wenn Psychotherapie schadet …

Background

The examination of the negative and harmful effects of psychotherapy has recently moved into the focus of psychotherapy research. The investigation described in the following article specifically analyzes for the first time the contents of complaints by psychotherapy patients and presents a practical category system for classification of the negative effects of psychotherapeutic treatment.

Samples and method

A total of 67 cases of complaints submitted to the Ethics Association (reg. co). Ethics in Psychotherapy during the time period from 18.02.2008 to 27.12.2010 were analyzed with respect to the content in the sense of an inductive categorization and quantitative evaluation.

Results

From the available patient complaints a reliable category system could be elucidated. The violation of therapeutic base variables and violations of sexual limitations were the most common cause of complaints against male therapists whereas for female therapists accusations of violation of medical confidentiality and documentation duty were significantly higher.

Conclusions

The results of this study allow formulation of research recommendations for extended investigation of the negative effects of psychotherapy and reveal options for the development of a targeted risk management.     

Perceptual filling-in of negative coloured afterimages

Filling-in of brightness, colour, and texture refers to the perceptual spreading of surround features onto the target area. This phenomenon has been extensively investigated in real images. Here, we study colour spreading in afterimages of disk-ring patterns, using a variety of colour combinations. We show that colour filling-in and filling-out in afterimages follow rules different from those found for real images, suggesting that the brain treats afterimages as genuine 'stimuli'.     

Self-efficacy and social support as predictors of smoking after a quit attempt

Abstract

The current study examined self-efficacy and social support as predictors of maintenance after an attempt to stop smoking. As in previous studies, self-efficacy at the end of treatment was a significant predictor of reported smoking during the follow-up period. At 3 months after treatment the prediction from self-efficacy was weaker than a prediction from the level of post-treatment smoking. However at 10 months self-efficacy was the strongest predictive variable assessed in the study. In contrast, social support for the quit attempt was not a significant predictor of maintenance at any stage. The results provided qualified support for the contention that self-efficacy can often be a more powerful predictor than previous performance attainments, especially under conditions of greater situational change.     

Moral Emotions,Awareness, and Spiritual Freedom in the Thought of Zhu Xi (1130–1200)

It is well known that the Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi (1130–1200) particularly emphasizes the role of emotions in human life. This paper shows that the four ‘moral emotions’ (e.g. feelings like ‘compassion’ and ‘disdain’ as described in the Mencius) are central to Zhu's thinking, insofar as only their genuine actualization enables the individual to achieve spiritual freedom. Moreover, I discuss the crucial notions of ‘awareness’/‘perception’ (zhījué) and ‘knowledge’/‘wisdom’ (zhī), in order to reveal the complex dynamic that moral emotions are said to create in the moral agent. I also analyse two important passages from the Mencius (1A/7 and 2A/6) and examine how Zhu Xi, in his exegetical glosses, defines the conditions of virtuous agency as based on the moral emotions. Finally, I explain the reasons why Neo-Confucians like Zhu Xi have sometimes been described as Kantian thinkers avant la lettre.     

Higher levels of depression are associated with reduced global bias in visual processing

Sleep-related attentional bias is a well-documented finding in patients with primary insomnia. To address the question of whether attentional preference for sleep-related stimuli is due to sleepiness (as measured by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale; SSS) or sleeplessness (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI) we investigated 105 non-clinical participants with two attentional bias tasks, an emotional Stroop task and a newly introduced mixed-modality task. The emotional Stroop task revealed significant positive linear relationships between sleep-related attentional bias and both poor sleep quality and sleepiness. Additionally, we found a significant negative interaction effect between these two variables on the cognitive bias. This means that attentional bias scores are reduced when poor sleep quality is associated with high sleepiness and high sleep quality is associated with low sleepiness. We did not find any significant result in the mixed-modality task. The results suggest that sleep-related attentional bias can be elicited by both sleepiness and sleeplessness.     

There is more than obeying display rules: Service employees’ motives for emotion regulation in customer interactions

Although research has focused on how service employees regulate their emotions, few studies have explored why they do so. In this article, we first described which kinds of motives for emotion regulation exist in customer interactions. Second, we investigated how the motives are related to four emotion regulation strategies. The application of an explorative approach resulted in a list of 10 motives, which could be classified into the three motive categories: pleasure, prevention, and instrumental. Hierarchical linear modelling of 421 reported service interactions from a diary study revealed that the motive categories were differently related to the emotion regulation strategies. Motives of the instrumental category were only significantly positively related to surface acting. Motives of the pleasure category were positively related to deep acting and automatic regulation as well as negatively related to surface acting and emotional deviance. Motives of the prevention category were positively related to deep acting, surface acting, and emotional deviance as well as negatively related to automatic regulation. These results can be used by organizations not only to enhance the motivation of employees towards emotion regulation, but also towards more authentic emotional expressions.     

国际多中心药物临床试验中伦理审查的问题与对策——以广州医学院第一附属医院为例

通过分析近三年来56例国际多中心药物临床试验伦理审查项目,总结分析常见的问题为试验版本与主办国家规定有出入;知情同意书经过翻译后存在较大的理解偏差;临床试验样本转移潜在风险;补偿标准较随意;不同单位间伦理审查意见不统一等,并有针对性地提出建议,实施严格、规范的伦理审查,进而在保证临床试验的科学性的同时最大限度地保障受试者的权益。     

A study on purchasing behavior of teenagers in Taiwan: example of counterfeit goods

This study has established a relationship model encompassing such aspects as consumer values, consumer involvement, purchase behavior, and consumer satisfaction. Furthermore, taking counterfeit goods as an example, this study employs factor analysis, reliability analysis, and the structural equation model to verify the relationship between the research aspects. Another major discovery of this study was that teenagers' behavioral purchasing mentality is graphic, hyperlinked, and is geared toward useful situations and functional needs. When they consider their degree of need, they inevitably incorporate many emotional needs. However, their attitude toward counterfeit goods is rational, which is confirmed by the fact that Hypothesis 1 was not supported.