摄论学派与智顗教观思想的形成

智顗教观思想的形成,摄论学派是重要来源之一。智顗将《摄论》置于"别教"对摄论学派的思想进行吸收与批判。从心识论来说,智顗认为心、意、识三者的关系是"一法论三,三即是一",用三轨来解释阿摩罗识、阿黎耶识、阿陀那识。但是,从止观的实践与"非三非一"对摄论学派给予批判。从止观的体系来说,我们推测《摩诃止观》的"十广"、《次第禅门》的"十章",都有可能受到《摄论》的影响。智顗以三轨解释真谛三藏的一乘三义。同时,在佛身论方面,智顗批判真谛的三身是"别教",主张三身皆是真实;而且,他还引用真谛的"如如如如智"来解释三身。     

An objective evaluation of special class placement of elementary schoolboys with behavior problems

Behavioral checklists were employed to identify the type and degree of psychopathology observed in 90 boys who were referred for possible placement in classrooms for the socially and emotionally disturbed (SED). School behavior was assessed by teachers completing the Conners Teacher Rating Scale, while behavior at home was rated by parents with the Child Behavior Checklist. The checklist findings from both environments showed the boys to have high levels of psychological disturbance, especially for externalizing factors such as hyperactivity, aggression, and conduct disorder. This was especially true for those boys for whom SED placement was recommended. Further, the clinical usefulness of these checklists was investigated as an adjunctive method for the determination of the need for SED placement. By the use of discriminant function analysis, about three-fourths of the boys recommended for SED placement were accurately identified; correct classification was maximized when parent and teacher checklists were employed together.     

A Problem of Personality: Scientist and Practitioner Differences in Psychology

ABSTRACT Differences between scientists and practitioners have been one of the most consistent and controversial topics throughout the history of American psychology. Even though many qualitative arguments and indirect quantitative studies have been offered in the literature, scientist and practitioner personality perspectives have never been measured directly. We have done so in this study, and we argue that these differences can be conceptualized within a personality framework. Results of our study demonstrate that interest in scientist activities and interest in practitioner activities were both predicted by theoretical orientations and vocational personality styles. Scientist and practitioner interests were predicted by these variables in opposite directions. We conclude by noting that while the conflict between scientist and practitioner personality styles is often said to be solvable by appropriate education, training models provide only partial solutions. It would be useful for training models to examine the role of personality differences in scientist-practitioner orientations in order to design realistic programs and objectives.     

Gender differences in theories of adolescent sexual activity

This was a study of 1478 adolescents who attended ten private schools located in different areas of this country. The purpose was to determine which concepts from four theories of deviance were useful in explaining male and female sexual intercourse. The sample was 73% White, 6% Chicano, 5% Black, 3% Asian, and 12% other minorities, and was comprised of 1114 females and 364 males. Bivariate analyses showed that the majority (15 of the 21 factors for both males and females) of factors examined were significantly correlated with frequency of sexual intercourse. Few gender differences were observed, and hierarchical regression procedures revealed that the strongest predictor of both male and female sexual intercourse was differential peer association, accounting for 33% of the variance (48% explained) among males and 27% of the variance among females (44% explained).The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. Ken Millar for the supportive resources to complete this study, and to the reviewers at Sex Roles for their comments on an earlier draft.     

Incorporating the size principle into an ensemble of back-propagating neurons

As researchers try to move from cybernetics to neural reality, it is time to look at the match between the back propagation strategy and the functional parameters of neurons. Traditionally, the “bias value” in the back propagation activation function has served a mathematical rather than a biological function. By incorporating a production system into the activation logic at the hidden layer, we are able to arrive at a conditional bias value that approximates the function of thresholds in biological neurons.