On Minimizing Guessing Effects on Multiple‐Choice Items: Superiority of a two solutions and three distractors item format to a one solution and five distractors item format

Multiple‐choice response formats are troublesome, as an item is often scored as solved simply because the examinee may be lucky at guessing the correct option. Instead of pertinent Item Response Theory models, which take guessing effects into account, this paper considers a psycho‐technological approach to re‐conceptualizing multiple‐choice response formats. The free‐response format is compared with two different multiple‐choice formats: a traditional format with a single correct response option and five distractors (‘1 of 6’), and another with five response options, three of them being distractors and two of them being correct (‘2 of 5’). For the latter format, an item is scored as mastered only if both correct response options and none of the distractors are marked. After the exclusion of a few items, the Rasch model analyses revealed appropriate fit for 188 items altogether. The resulting item‐difficulty parameters were used for comparison. The multiple‐choice format ‘1 of 6’ differs significantly from the multiple‐choice format ‘2 of 5’, while the latter does not differ significantly from the free‐response format. The lower difficulty of items ‘1 of 6’ suggests guessing effects.     

Interpersonal Relationship Orientations,Leadership, and Managerial Level: Assessing the practical usefulness of the FIRO‐B in organizations

This paper investigated whether interpersonal relationship orientation, as measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientations‐Behaviour (FIRO‐B), predicts ratings of leadership capability and managerial level of attainment. In all, 547 participants reported their managerial level in their organization, and were rated by trained consultants on their leadership capability. Results showed that several scores on the FIRO‐B positively predicted ratings of leadership capability and managerial level reached even after controlling for the effect of intelligence and demographic variables. This study provides some initial evidence for the validity of the FIRO‐B in the prediction of perceptual and objective measures of leadership capability. Implications for selection and assessment are discussed.     

薪酬差距:对公司盈余管理与经营绩效的影响

本文以我国993家上市公司为样本,对高管层的薪酬差距与公司盈余管理行为和公司绩效的相关性进行了实证检验.发现上市公司高管层薪酬差距的扩大,有利于减少高管层的盈余管理串谋,从而抑制为了提高薪酬而进行的盈余管理行为.同时,薪酬差距的加大会激励高管层更加努力地工作,体现在薪酬差距大的公司总资产收益率更高.这一结果印证了锦标赛理论,而组织公平理论所主张的薪酬差距的加大对组织内部合作的破坏等负面效应目前在我国上市公司中尚未产生显著的影响.     

中药在心血管疾病中应用现状与反思

具有悠久历史的中医药在现代医学中有鲜明的时代特点。心血管疾病是现代社会严重威胁生命及健康的病患。本文总结分析了古老中药在现代心血管疾病中应用的现状,并深入分析其影响因素,从而提出扬长避短的未来心血管疾病应用中药的思路。     

Hewitt多维完美主义量表在中学生群体中的修订

本研究以中学生群体为样本,对Hewitt多维完美主义量表(HMPS)进行修订。首先根据我国文化背景和青少年发展的具体状况建立了理论构想,接着对原量表进行了四次测查和检验修订,我们首先把指向他人和社会期望两个维度上的反向题改成正向题,并对所有项目的表述做了必要的修改;然后根据随后的测查结果进行了各维度和项目上的修改;最后删除了指向自我维度上的1个项目、指向他人维度上的2个项目和社会期望维度上的6个项目,修订后的HMPS量表的内部一致性信度α系数为0.91,指向自我、指向他人、社会期望的α系数分别为0.89,0.80,0.78,重测信度分别为0.80,0.79,0.67,与Frost多维完美主义量表中文修订版的相关分别为0.58,0.38,0.57。     

同性恋问题的道德探讨与法律应对

随着越来越多的国家就同性婚姻出台立法,同性恋已不单是道德问题,也带来了实践中的法律冲突。在这一背景下,应对同性恋问题进行道德上的理性思考,将接受同性恋与承认同性恋者的平等权利分开,并在谨慎处理我国是否为同性婚姻立法的同时,积极探讨如何应对涉外同性法律关系。     

The dialogical self in a cultural contact zone: Exploring the perceived ‘cultural correction’ function of schooling

This paper discusses a qualitative study that explores the impact the development of a cultural contact zone has upon identity processes in the Dialogical Self. The analysis draws upon interviews with Irish nationals, immigrants and asylum seekers in a new cultural contact zone. The findings illustrate uncertainty experienced as a result of immigration, suggesting that the development of the contact zone caused cultural discontinuity. The individuals' uncertainty for their cultural identities' future viability demanded the development of identity strategies to maintain continuity with their perceived cultural future, where they were faced with cultural others. Identity repositionings and a strategy to maintain continuity will be explored in the current paper. The Irish and asylum seeker participants' unprompted focus on schooling will be explored as a continuity strategy. The participants constructed schooling as a tool for the ‘cultural correction’ of migrant children and a means for the assimilation of migrants into the Irish community. The paper discusses the function of this strategy for the two groups, and the theoretical integration of cultural level processes in the theory of the Dialogical Self. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alternative settings for liberal‐conservative exchange: Examining an undergraduate dialogue course

Given the polarization of the early 21st century political atmosphere in the U.S., intergroup dialogue has emerged as a unique alternative setting, with intentions of facilitating a more productive and thoughtful citizen engagement. Although cross‐partisan dialogue efforts are underway in community contexts, they have been slower to reach academic settings. This paper is an exploratory study of our own liberal‐conservative dialogue course at the University of Illinois–the first of its kind, to our knowledge. After describing basic features of the course, we identify themes from student journals and final evaluations suggesting both dialogue benefits and challenges. Finally, we discuss the growing literature around dialogue, questions of its long‐term impact, and larger potential barriers to participation in liberal‐conservative dialogue, specifically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然价值与低碳经济

低碳经济涉及自然价值问题,是针对自然价值严重透支而提出的:一是能源和其他自然资源高度消耗,产生资源全面短缺问题;二是环境质量高度透支,破坏大气中二氧化碳的平衡.这是当前重大的全球性问题.它要求经济转变,主要是生产方式转变和生活方式转变.环境伦理学的自然价值论是低碳经济的理论基础,它对低碳经济建设具有重要的意义:第一,问题主要是由于否认自然价值引起的;第二,问题的解决要求确立自然价值观念,实行自然资源有偿使用的经济政策.低碳经济是一种新的经济形态,发展低碳经济需要价值观转变,确立自然价值概念;需要思维方式转变,从还原论线性非循环思维转向整体论非线性循环思维,需要现代科学技术,特别是生态科学技术的支持.     

Elaboration and numerical anchoring: Implications of attitude theories for consumer judgment and decision making

Researchers across many domains have examined the impact of externally presented numerical anchors on perceiver judgments. In the traditional paradigm, “anchored” judgments are typically explained as a result of elaborate thinking (i.e., confirmatory hypothesis testing that selectively activates anchor-consistent information in memory). Consistent with a long tradition in attitude change, we suggest that the same judgments can result from relatively thoughtful or non-thoughtful processes, with more thoughtful processes resulting in judgments that have more lasting impact. We review recent anchoring research consistent with this elaboration-based perspective and discuss implications for past anchoring results and theory in judgment and decision making.