First‐time mothers in home visitation services utilizing child development specialists

Professionals in the field of child development were employed to provide home visitation services to 156 mothers and infants prenatally through the infants' first birthdays. Compared to a control group of mothers (n = 107), the intervention mothers utilized more community resources, had safer homes, had more appropriate developmental expectations, had better understanding of noncorporal punishment, and had behaviors that were more accepting and respectful to their infants. The home visitors were well educated, with experience in home visitation, and supervised. Program implementation procedures were documented and supervised. Program fidelity and the efficacy of using child development specialists as home visitors are discussed in regards to the positive findings. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.     

AQS security scores: What do they represent? A study in construct validation

In a sample of 129 Dutch 15‐month‐old infants, attachment security was assessed both with the Attachment Q‐Set (AQS; Waters, 1995) and with a short version of Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall's (1978) Strange Situation (SSS). Infants classified as secure using the SSS had significantly higher AQS scores than insecure and disorganized infants in particular. At the AQS item level, disorganized infants were described as significantly more noncompliant, fussy, and angry relative to secure infants. When security as assessed using the SSS was controlled, the observed quality of parental interactive behavior, parental ego‐resilience, high levels of infant task orientation and pleasure, and low levels of infant anger proneness were found to explain significant and unique portions of the variance in the AQS security scores. The apparently unfavorable set of characteristics associated with low AQS security scores suggests such scores to predict later developmental problems. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.     

Ethnic Match and Treatment Outcomes for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center Clients

This study investigated the effects of client ethnicity and client‐counselor ethnic match on treatment outcomes (i.e., GAF‐difference [from the Global Assessment of Functioning Axis V rating of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, American Psychiatric Association, 1994] and client visitation) of 1,946 child and adolescent community mental health center clients. After controlling for 7 other variables, no differences were observed after adjustment among client ethnicities, age groups, or ethnic match on the GAF‐difference dependent measure. Ethnically matched African American child and adolescent clients had fewer mental health visits than did their nonmatched counterparts. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Healthy and chronically‐ill children's generalisation of illness to biological and non‐biological categories

Using children's naïve theory of biology as a framework, this study investigated children's developing understanding of illness by examining their generalisation of illness to biological and non‐biological categories. In addition to differences associated with age, the children's health status was investigated for any possible linkwith their understanding. Healthy and chronically‐ill children, aged 4–11 years, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, according to which exemplar (child, dog or duck) was described as suffering from an imaginary illness. Using a card‐sorting technique, the children assessed whether each entity out of 30 entities (five representatives in each of six categories: humans, mammals, non‐mammals, birds, plants and artifacts) could be afflicted by that illness. The children's generalisations indicated a grasp of the distinctiveness of the various categories, although they seemed less certain about the biological status of plants. Furthermore, the type of exemplar on which the children had been taught influenced their responses. However, the children's reasoning appeared unaffected by their health status and largely unaffected by age or gender. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hierarchy of interactive functions in father‐mother‐baby three‐way games

In developmental research, the family has mainly been studied through dyadic interaction. Three‐way interactions have received less attention, partly because of their complexity. This difficulty may be overcome by distinguishing between four hierarchically embedded functions in three‐way interactions: (1) participation (inclusion of all participants), (2) organization (partners keeping to their roles), (3) focalization (sharing a common focus) and (4) affective contact (being in tune). We document this hierarchical model on a sample of 80 families observed in the Lausanne Trilogue Play situation across four different sites. Hierarchy between functions was demonstrated by means of Guttman scalability coefficient. Given the importance of the child's development in a threesome, the pertinence of this model for family assessment is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

720名中学生自我同一性地位研究

对中学生自我同一性实证研究表明,中学生自我同一性发展经由一个理慰朦胧——困惑疑为——现实提升的过程。中学生自我同一性地位度数分布中间大,两头小。中学生自我同一性地位存在性别差异。中学生自我同一性地位与学习成效自评交互影响。对中学生自我同一性教育训练应予以重视和加强。     

抑郁症状阳性人群的初始沙盘特征

采用病例对照研究设计,探讨抑郁症状阳性人群初始沙盘特征。结果显示：抑郁症状阳性组在总数、动物、人物、建筑物、交通工具、植物类沙具使用少于对照组;抑郁症状阳性组沙盘空间领域使用少于对照组;抑郁症状阳性组在从哪里开始、对沙的态度、有无蓝色露底、是否使用桥、自己感觉是否满意、自我像是否在其中和主题场景上与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;沙盘主题特征回归分析显示进入抑郁症状阳性回归方程的沙盘主题特征变量有忽视、威胁、流动和能量。抑郁症状阳性人群在沙盘游戏中有特征性表现,初始沙盘具有临床心理评估的功能和价值。     

我国一大型考试等值的铆题参数漂移检验

设置铆题来链接不同测验形式是一种常用的等值设计。但受到曝光等因素影响,铆题功能在不同施测时间会发生改变。本研究采用MH检验和logistic回归考察我国一大型考试等值的铆题质量,结果发现,有22个铆题发生参数漂移,铆题的难度参数和区分度参数可能发生漂移;这些铆题中大部分在二次使用时无法通过模型拟合检验;若不删除参数发生漂移的铆题导致较大的系统等值误差,应将铆题参数漂移检验作为等值中的一步必要工作。     

积极心理学在戒毒人员团体辅导中的应用

戒毒人员的心理干预与矫治正日益受到重视。积极心理学关注人们发掘自身的积极品质和积极力量,戒毒人员同样拥有的积极力量。本研究对上海市某强制隔离戒毒所的戒毒人员开展了以积极心理学为理论基础的团体心理辅导。团体辅导之后,实验组在正性情感和乐观上的得分都显著高于团体辅导前,对照组在团体辅导前后则没有显著变化。可见,将积极心理学应用于戒毒人员的团体辅导具有积极意义,团体辅导是一种有效的戒毒心理矫治方式。     

《尚书》伦理思想探析

《尚书》中的伦理思想肇始于夏商周三代生产力的发展、王朝更替的推动和天命观的形成。《尚书》中的伦理思想包括:民本思想、德的思想、孝友思想、个人修养思想以及宗教伦理思想。这些思想为中国古代伦理思想的形成奠定了基础,不仅为先秦伦理思想的形成起了引领作用,而且影响中国两千多年封建社会伦理文化的脉路。