On the perceived structure of occupations

Previous studies aimed at testing the structure of occupations have been based on analysis of aggregate data. In studies comparing the hierarchical and the hexagonal-circular models for the structure of interests, the former fit the data at least as well as the latter. The present study compared separately for each subject the hierarchical and the hexagonal models as the hypothesized structures for occupations. Twenty-six students judged the similarity between all possible pairs of 24 high-level occupations, 3 occupations for each of Roe's eight fields. The findings demonstrated that (a) the within-subject structures resemble the structure found in the aggregate data; (b) the structure of occupations based on similarity judgments resembles the structure based on preference data; (c) diagnostic properties suggest that for most subjects the perceived structure of occupations can be better described as clustering than as two-dimensional; (d) a tree representation of the perceived structure of occupations is more adequate than is the two-dimensional representation; and (e) the within-subject structure fit the hierarchical model better than it fit the hexagonal-circular model for all but one subject. A detailed analysis revealed those predictions of each model which were disconfirmed by most subjects' judgments. These results provide additional support for the relative advantage of the hierarchical over the circular model. These findings' implications for the structure of vocational interests and occupational choice were discussed.     

Factors associated with number of treatment interviews of patients from a barrio neighborhood mental health service: A cross-validation

Demographic and treatment variables were, for a second time, found associated with number of treatment interviews completed by lower socioeconomic patients of a barrio area neighborhood mental health service. Of the eight variables that originally differentiated patients with respect to number of interviews, six remained significant on cross-validation. The longer staying patients were characterized by: young adult age range; disrupted marital status; self-referral; using psychotropic medication; major and secondary problems of anxiety and depression.     

Reactions of profeminist and antifeminist men to an expert woman

Thirty-two profeminist and 32 antifeminist men interacted with a woman who assertively maintained a position different from the subject. The woman was either an expert in the topic being discussed or an expert in an irrelevant area, and the topic of discussion was either traditionally masculine or feminine. The men's behavior was unaffected by their feminist beliefs, even when three distinct behaviors were combined to form a composite measure. As predicted, however, profeminist and antifeminist men did differ in their ratings of the women and the situation, with profeminists preferring a woman who was assertive on a masculine topic, and antifeminists preferring an assertive woman on a feminine topic. The data suggest that men who agree with profeminist beliefs are not merely responding in a socially desirable manner, although their beliefs are probably not sufficiently strong to result in distinctive overt behavior.The author wishes to thank Jeannie Cook and Diana Demong for serving as confederates, Krista Fuller and Jean Eucher for serving as experimenters, William Gaeddert and Mary Beth Howe for doing the content analyses, and Judy Krulewitz for her comments on earlier versions of this article.     

Acalculia: An historical review of localization

This article reviews the brain localization of calculation disorders (acalculia) beginning with Gall's claim in the early 19th century for a "center" of calculation. A renewed interest in the subject arose around the time of Henschen during the first quarter of the 20th century. A summary of the cases of acalculia since Henschen leads to the conclusion that regardless of the functional modular nature of calculation ability, there is neither a localized region nor a specific hemisphere uniquely underlying the disorder.     

The "good enough" mood stabilizer: a review of the clinical evidence

A growing family of medications is used for mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. These medications fall into two broad categories according to likely mechanisms of action. Within the categories, specific drugs may vary in their efficacy for different phases of the disorder. The first category, including lithium, anticonvulsants, and some novel treatments, appears to have mechanisms related to intracellular second messengers. These medications have more pronounced antimanic than antidepressant effects, except for lamotrigine, which has antidepressant effects without precipitating mania. The second group of mood stabilizers is the atypical antipsychotics, which act through dopamine and other monoamines. Olanzapine and in all likelihood other drugs in the class possess marked, acute antimanic properties and possible antidepressant properties, but require further study before they can be used as routine options in long-term care. It is clear that the advent of multiple mood stabilizer candidates has not yet led to a single ideal therapy for bipolar disorder, but rather to options that can be flexibly tailored to the lifetime needs of individual patients, in sequences or combinations, and perhaps in conjunction with other classes of psychotropics.     

Is REBT Marginalized?: A Survey of Counselor Educators

A questionnaire of 200 counselor educators assessed the marginalization of REBT in their preferred personal theory and in teaching. REBT was marginalized in personal theory although three quarters were influenced by REBT in their theory of choice. REBT was not marginalized in teaching and a majority noted teaching REBT in classes. Reasons for marginalization, or objections to REBT were factored into three categories: preference for another theory, deficiencies in REBT theory, and deficiencies in REBT application. Recommendations are given to address marginalization.     

Measuring emotional expression with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count

The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text analysis program often is used as a measure of emotion expression, yet the construct validity of its use for this purpose has not been examined. Three experimental studies assessed whether the LIWC counts of emotion processes words are sensitive to verbal expression of sadness and amusement. Experiment 1 determined that sad and amusing written autobiographical memories differed in LIWC emotion counts in expected ways. Experiment 2 revealed that reactions to emotionally provocative film clips designed to manipulate the momentary experience of sadness and amusement differed in LIWC counts. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 and found generally weak relations between LIWC emotion counts and individual differences in emotional reactivity, dispositional expressivity, and personality. The LIWC therefore appears to be a valid method for measuring verbal expression of emotion.