A naturalistic study of prospective memory in preschoolers: The role of task interruption and motivation

We conducted two naturalistic experiments to investigate preschoolers’ development of event-based prospective memory (PM) and to examine the effects of motivation and interruption of an ongoing task. Children aged 2–6 years were asked to perform familiar PM tasks while engaged in their habitual kindergarten play. PM performance improved systematically across the preschool years. The type of PM response (motor or verbal) did not affect performance. High motivation was necessary for 2-year-olds to perform well, and it remained an important factor that increased performance across the entire preschool age range. The need to interrupt an ongoing activity decreased performance in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, but not in children aged 2 or 6 years. The pattern of results is consistent with explanations for interruption effects that highlight the role of inhibitory control.     

Search for a curvilinear relationship between the sense of coherence and the intensity of PTSD in MVA survivors

Abstract

The relationship between the sense of coherence (SOC) and the intensity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was examined in order to determine its nature and to resolve the inconsistencies between (1) a growing body of empirical research that indicates a linear relationship between these variables, and (2) the schema-based theories of PTSD that suggest a curvilinear relationship between cognitions and the intensity of PTSD. In this cross-sectional study an attempt was also made to identify some psychological factors that moderate this relationship. Participants were a sample of 1132 motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors. The results showed that gender and temperamental predisposition to PTSD constituted moderator variables of the relationship between SOC and the intensity of PTSD. This supported both the empirical evidence on the linear and negative relationship between SOC and the intensity of PTSD and the theories that postulated the curvilinear relationship.     

The impact of adopting ethnic or civic conceptions of national belonging for others' treatment

National belonging is often defined in terms of "ethnic" ancestry and "civic" commitment (with the latter typically implying a more inclusive conception of belonging). The authors report three Scottish studies manipulating the prominence of these criteria. In Study 1 (N = 80), a Chinese-heritage target was judged more Scottish (and his criticisms of Scotland better received) when Scotland was defined in civic terms. In Study 2 (N = 40), a similar manipulation in a naturalistic setting showed a civic conception of belonging resulted in more help being given to a Chinese-heritage confederate. Study 3 (N = 71) replicated Study 2 and showed the effect was mediated by judgments of the confederate's Scottishness. These studies emphasize the importance of exploring how ingroup identity is defined.     

华人人际关系的概念化--针对中国香港地区大学生的实证研究

以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并采用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港地区的大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法(Multi-dimensional scaling)处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行分类;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果。     

风水理论中的地理思维

风水理论作为我国古人生产生活的依据之一,具有盲目迷信和不科学的地方,但在另一方面,却是古代人民在自然环境中长期形成的生产生活经验的积累,是古代人民伟大智慧的凝结,包含着丰富的地理学思维和合理的科学内核。本文认为:风水理论产生和发展于人类对地理环境的认识;风水理论充分关注地理学中的人地关系议题,体现了古人的地域综合体的思维;风水学从不同尺度来考察人类周围的环境,体现了地理学的尺度观念。     

Cultural differences in gender role attitudes between Chinese and American students

A total of 665 Chinese college students in Taiwan and Caucasian college students in eastern North Carolina were administered several sex role attitude scales developed by Spence et al. (1978, 1980). The scales were translated into Chinese for Chinese subjects. Results indicated cultural differences in attitudes toward Marital Roles, Expressivity, Social Interaction, and Preference for males. In both cultures, females were found to be significantly more liberal, as shown in Attitudes Toward Women, Marital Roles, and Social Interaction. These results are consistent with previous research. Cultural differences were also as expected, with Chinese holding more conservative views.An earlier version of this paper was presented in part at the 63rd Annual Convention of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, April 3, 1992.     

Use of nature in a multi-family therapy for Chinese families of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A photo-elicitation study

This article reports the therapeutic resources in the natural outdoors that were conducive to the therapeutic process in a multi-family therapy (MFT) for enhancing the self-efficacy and collective family efficacy of Chinese families of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Hong Kong. Photo-elicited interviews with adolescents with ADHD and parent focus groups were employed to explore the participatory experiences of the families. A total of thirteen Chinese families of adolescents (aged 11–15 years) with ADHD participated in this study (fourteen adolescents with ADHD, eight fathers and ten mothers). The present study explored the potential therapeutic resources in the natural outdoors, namely a change in the group environment, spaciousness and darkness. The use of the natural outdoors in MFT proved to be a strategy useful for creating a naturalistic group setting within which family participants can more easily enact changes.     

Problem syntezy sieci w logice progowej. I

Tre??: Wst?p. Cz??? pierwsza: Synteza sieci zbudowanych na elementach doprogowych. Rozdzia? I. Synteza sieci zbudowanych na elementach doprogowych w algebrze Boole'a: 1. Klasa elementów doprogowych. 2. Metoda Lindemana syntezy sieci. Rozdzia? II. Synteza sieci w logice doprogowej. 3. Aksjomatyka logiki doprogowej. 4. Podstawowe twierdzenia logiki doprogowej. 5. Zasadnicze twierdzenie logiki doprogowej. 6. Metody syntezy sieci w logice doprogowej. Cz??? druga: Synteza sieci zbudowanych na ogólnych elementach progowych. Rozdzia? I. Interpretacja geometryczna elementów progowych i funkcji algebry logiki: 1. Definicje i twierdzenia pomocnicze. 2. Interpretacja geometryczna ogólnych elementów progowych. 3. Definicje elementówn-wymiarowej kostki. 4. Interpretacja geometryczna funkcji algebry logiki. Rozdzia? II. Synteza siec_i jednego elementu progowego z pobudzaj?cymi wej?ciami: 5. W?asno?ci zbiorówA iB oraz ich zbiorów oporowychA _o iB _o. 6. Równanie hiperp?aszczyzny ?ci?le oddzielaj?cej zbiórB _o od zbioruA _o. 7. Warunki realizacji funkcji na progowych elementach z pobudzaj?cymi wej?ciami. 8. Metody syntezy progowego elementu z pobudzaj?cymi wej?ciami. Rozdzia? III. Synteza sieci jednego ogólnego elementu progowego: 9. Uogólnienie twierdzeń dla elementów progowych z pobudzaj?cymi i hamuj?cymi wej?ciami. 10. Warunki realizacji funkcji jednym ogólnym elementem progowym. 11. Metody syntezy jednym ogólnym elementem progowym. Rozdzia? IV. Synteza sieci zbudowanych na ogólnych elementach progowych: 12. Synteza sieci rz?du pierwszego i drugiego. 13. Synteza sieci rz?du trzeciego i sieci wy?szych rz?dów. Zakończenie. Dodatek: Progowe funkcjen≤4 zmiennych. Bibliografia.     

华人人际关系的概念化——针对中国香港大学生的实证研究

以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法（Multi-dimensional scaling）处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行区分;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果