我院门诊应用抗菌药物处方分析

为了解我院门诊抗菌药使用状况,随机抽取全院2006年10月门诊处方1000份,统计并综合分析了使用抗菌药物的比率、抗菌药物种类及联合用药情况等项目。结果显示,门诊抗菌药的使用比率为20．90％,联合用抗菌药的比率为7．26％;合理用药处方占84．7％,但在某些方面还存在不合理现象。宜制定相应措施,提高用药合理性。     

海洛因成瘾者的脑灰质密度下降

本研究对海洛因成瘾者（n=34）和无毒品依赖的正常被试（n=34）进行磁共振脑结构扫描,用基于体素的形态学测量（VBM）方法分析被试间灰质密度的差异,并考察了海洛因成瘾者用药时间与灰质密度之间的关系。结果表明,同正常对照组相比,海洛因成瘾者其额叶和颞叶下部的灰质密度显著下降。进一步分析显示,用药时间短于5年的成瘾者其灰质密度下降不明显,而用药时间5年以上的患者其灰质密度下降非常显著。本文讨论了上述结果的潜在临床价值和理论意义。     

The moderating role of intrinsic value in the relation between psychological needs support and academic engagement in mathematics among Chinese adolescent students

This study was to assess the moderating roles of intrinsic value in the relation of basic psychological needs support to academic engagement in mathematics. We recruited 246 middle school students by using the Basic Psychological Needs Support Scale, the Intrinsic Value Scale and the Academic Engagement Scale. This study found that both basic psychological needs support and intrinsic value had significant predictions on the three aspects of academic engagement. Moreover, the interaction item between basic psychological needs support and intrinsic value could significantly affect emotional and cognitive engagement, but not behavioural engagement. The findings indicated that except for behavioural engagement, the associations between basic psychological need support and emotional or cognitive engagement could be moderated by intrinsic value. This study provides a special perspective for educators and researchers to recognise the role of intrinsic value in promoting adolescents' higher levels of involvement in mathematics class.     

父母体罚、学校参与与青少年网络游戏成瘾:亲子关系的调节作用

采用问卷法对1389名初中生进行调查,考察了学校参与在父母体罚与青少年网络游戏成瘾（Internet Gaming Addiction,IGA）关系间的中介效应,以及父子关系和母子关系在其中的调节效应。结果发现：（1）在控制了性别、年龄、家庭人均月收入和父母受教育水平后,父母体罚可显著正向预测青少年IGA;（2）学校参与显著部分中介父母体罚与青少年IGA的关系;（3）母子关系显著调节中介路径"父母体罚→学校参与→IGA",即父母体罚通过侵蚀青少年的学校参与进而增加其IGA的中介效应在高母子关系青少年群体中显著,但在低母子关系青少年群体中不显著。     

Quantity discrimination in fish species: fish use non-numerical continuous quantity traits to select shoals

Fish typically prefer to live in big shoals due to the associated ecological benefits. Shoaling is a behavior that depends on the ability to quantitatively discriminate. The fundamental mechanism involved in quantity discrimination determines whether fish can discriminate a shoal using numerical discrete cues (e.g., number of shoal members), non-numerical continuous traits (e.g., total body surface area) or both; however, the mechanism is currently a controversial topic. In the present study, we used a spontaneous choice experiment to test whether guppy (Poecilia reticulata), zebrafish (Danio rerio), Chinese crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) rely on continuous (i.e., body surface area) or discrete (i.e., number of shoal members) information for shoal selection by altering the body surface area (cumulative body surface area ratio of 3:2 or 1:1) between two stimulus shoals with a different number of members (2 individuals vs 3 individuals). All four fish species preferred to shoal with the stimulus shoal with the larger cumulative surface area even if the shoal had fewer members; however, fish showed no shoal preference when the cumulative surface body areas of both stimulus shoals were equal. Furthermore, qingbo did not numerically discriminate between a shoal with 1 individual and a shoal with 3 individuals when the cumulative surface areas of both stimulus shoals were equal; however, qingbo showed a preference for the shoal with the larger cumulative surface area when the two stimulus shoals each had 3 individuals. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that all four fish species relied only on non-numerical continuous quantity information for shoal selection, at least under a difficult task (i.e., 2 vs 3).     

广州青年白领主观幸福感与心理健康的影响因素分析

目的:探究人口学变量、情景性因素和人格特质因素对广州青年白领主观幸福感和心理健康的影响。方法:对广州市政府、企事业单位340名青年白领进行问卷调查。结果:(1)广州青年白领积极人格特质处于中上水平,生活满意度处于中下水平。(2)情景性因素和特质性因素与广州青年白领主观幸福感和心理健康密切相关。(3)阶层回归分析表明,性别、压力知觉、社会支持和乐观是广州青年白领主观幸福感的显著预测变量,而心理健康的显著预测变量是乐观和社会支持。结论:广州青年白领对生活状况不甚满意,但对自我评价积极、乐观向上,对未来充满希望,并且情景性因素和特质因素对广州青年白领的主观幸福感和心理健康有不同的预测作用。     

The role of age on reactivity and memory for emotional pictures

The purpose of this study was to investigate subjects' reactivity to emotional pictures and their recollection of these pictures, and to examine these two factors as they relate to age. Adolescents and young adults were shown emotionally arousing scenic pictures for long (4-s) and very brief (50-ms) durations. Recognition of the pictures and recall and recognition of words presented along with the pictures were assessed both immediately after the presentation and six weeks later. The results showed that very negative pictures are retained better than neutral or even positive pictures, and that very negative pictures reduce memory for associated information. It was also found that adolescents show a somewhat lower reactivity to very negative pictures and a higher degree of retention of these pictures than adults. The results are discussed in relation to (a) habituation effects, (b) strategies that subjects might develop to block emotional involvement, and (c) the notion that watching violence might serve as a powerful prime to socially undesirable behaviour.     

消费时代的医学人文价值：—兼谈医学中科学和人文的对话与冲突

针对消费时代医患关系的现状重提医学人文价值凸显的话题,将对诊断与治疗两个环节剖析了医学人文在医疗生活中的切入点,价值内涵与现实冲突。深入分析了医学人文旨归与科学建构之间的差异、冲突、并为医学人文走向医学、医疗、医院提供了一些有益的见解。     

A mechanism for reducing delay discounting by altering temporal attention

Rewards that are not immediately available are discounted compared to rewards that are immediately available. The more a person discounts a delayed reward, the more likely that person is to have a range of behavioral problems, including clinical disorders. This latter observation has motivated the search for interventions that reduce discounting. One surprisingly simple method to reduce discounting is an "explicit-zero" reframing that states default or null outcomes. Reframing a classical discounting choice as "something now but nothing later" versus "nothing now but more later" decreases discount rates. However, it is not clear how this "explicit-zero" framing intervention works. The present studies delineate and test two possible mechanisms to explain the phenomenon. One mechanism proposes that the explicit-zero framing creates the impression of an improving sequence, thereby enhancing the present value of the delayed reward. A second possible mechanism posits an increase in attention allocation to temporally distant reward representations. In four experiments, we distinguish between these two hypothesized mechanisms and conclude that the temporal attention hypothesis is superior for explaining our results. We propose a model of temporal attention whereby framing affects intertemporal preferences by modifying present bias.     

提取学习有利于学习与记忆的认知神经基础

研究表明提取学习相比简单重复学习更加益于记忆的保持。近期的脑成像研究发现, 与简单重复学习相比, 提取学习时前额叶、顶下叶、颞叶及一些皮层下结构的脑激活更大, 这些脑区的激活也能预测随后的记忆成绩。这些研究表明, 在更多认知资源的投入和工作记忆系统的参与下, 提取学习是一个获得、加工、整合和巩固语义关系的过程。提取学习充分调用认知和情感、皮层与皮层下机能, 同时还发挥语义和情景记忆优势来促进学习与记忆。