心与世界

我的思考起始于W.塞拉斯(Wilfrid Sellars)对所予神话(the Myth of the Given)所作攻击中的一个中心要素.     

私生活、私利和私有权

私有权与文明的生活形式长期在我国占统治地位的那些意识形态形式,一直还在牢牢地束缚着人们的意识,即使在今天,当人们谈到“私有权”时,往往还会产生不安之感。尽管如此,但在越来越多的讲话、文章和文件里,其中也包括各级政权机关今天所通过的文件里,在谈到所有制关系改革时,也常讲“非官方化”。我认为,这是社会思想里取得的积极进步的最主要标志之一。“非官方化”——当然,如果深入思考所使用的概念的涵义并且认真地对待它们——必须先确认私有权,而且不仅是对日常消费品、长期使用对象或住房的所有权,还有对劳动资料、劳动工具和某些     

辩证矛盾的性质和特点

本文选译自作者所著的《对立面统一和斗争的规律》一书,该书共三章:一、对立面统一和斗争规律的本质,二、对立面统一和斗争规律表现的各种特点,三、对立面统一和斗争规律在社会主义条件下的作用。这里选的是第一章中的一节。其主要内容如下: 辩证矛盾是现象和事物中内在地相互制约着的力量和趋势的统一和斗争,它的本质是通过一系列业已定形的范畴如“矛盾”、“对立”、“差别”、“冲突”等揭示出来的。“对立”是指矛盾的每一个方面,“矛盾”则指对立面之间的关系。“差别”和“对立”表现为矛盾在成熟程度和强化程度上不同的两个阶段。“差别”可以转变为“对立”,“对立”也可以转变为“差别”。“矛盾”与“冲突”不同,“矛盾”存在于整个过程中,“冲突”只是在旧质态向新质态的过渡已成为不可避免的时刻才能来临。也不能把“矛盾”和“不相适应”等同起来。矛盾既可以表现为相适应的时期,也可以表现为不相适应的时期。辩证矛盾的特点就是对立的方面、趋势的统一和相互制约。对立面统一是辩证矛盾的最重要的特征。“对立面的统一”和“对立面的同一”并不是完全相等的。“对立面的同一”是指对立面相互转化,而“对立面的统一”则指内部对立面的相互制约、一致、同一和均势。对立面的统一不能与对立面的斗争、相互否定分开。事物和现象的对立、对立方面和趋势的斗争是发展的动力。对立面的统一是相对的,斗争是绝对的。但不能把列宁关于统一的相对性这句话运用到辩证矛盾的一切形式上去。对立面的统一要求以事物和现象发展中的一致、平衡或稳定的因素为前提,这种统一是暂时的、易逝的、相对的。但是作为对立方面和趋势相互制约的统一就不是暂时的、易逝的。辩证矛盾的最重要特征是对立面的相互转化。但应该注意到,不是一切对立面都能相互转化。辩证矛盾的每一个对立面在发展过程中的作用是不同的。一个方面的作用是要保持事物或现象的某种状态,另一个方面的作用是要消灭这种状态。一个表现为肯定的方面,另一个表现为否定的方面。但这种划分是有条件的。矛盾的同一个方面在一种关系里、一种意义上既可以作为肯定的因素,也可以作为否定的因素;既可以起保守作用,也可以起革命作用。矛盾的发展可以分成以下几个阶段:发生或形成、发展或积累、克服或解决。因此,在处理矛盾的时候,就应该考虑到它处于什么样的阶段。     

同一的真与符合的真北大核心CSSCI

真之符合论指的是一个命题是真的,当且仅当它符合一个事实;真之同一论指的是一个命题是真的,当且仅当它是一个事实。真之符合论强调命题与事实的符合,真之同一论强调命题与事实的同一。一些真之同一论的倡导者同样是真之符合论的支持者,从一定意义上来讲,真之同一论是真之符合论的发展与简化。M.大卫对真之符合论和真之同一论做出了比较细致的分析,并且提出了一些十分有意义的看法。     

人际关系和自我概念对生命意义的影响：一项追踪研究

对1087名大学生进行为期1年的追踪研究,考察人际关系和自我概念对生命意义的影响,以及自我概念在人际关系与生命意义间的中介效应。结果显示：(1)人际关系、自我概念和生命意义之间存在同时性和继时性正相关;(2)在时间点1和时间点2,人际关系、自我概念和生命意义均两两相互预测;(3)人际关系和自我影响均影响生命意义,以及在人际关系与生命意义的关系中,自我概念起部分中介作用。即人际关系通过自我概念进而影响生命意义体验。结果表明,可以通过改善人际关系和提高自我概念来提升个体的生命意义感。即带着一颗自我肯定之心,积极参与到社会互动中去。     

Automaticity in reading and the Stroop task: testing the limits of involuntary word processing

We investigated the parameters of involuntary word reading in the Stroop task in 7 experiments. Experiments 1-4 varied response modality and the presence of congruent word trials in a test of the claim that presenting a Stroop color word with only one letter in the target color eliminates the Stroop effect. Experiments 5 and 6 addressed the roles of spatial attention and orthographic processing as possible mechanisms behind the reduction of Stroop effects with the single-letter format. Experiment 7 investigated the limits of involuntary reading under optimal conditions for selective processing of rectangular color patch targets. We found that the single-letter format reduced but never eliminated Stroop effects, spatial attention but not orthographic processing plays a role in the effect of the single-letter format, and word reading is not completely prevented even with austere presentation conditions. We conclude with a defense of the involuntariness criterion for automaticity in the Stroop task, particularly when word reading is viewed in the context of a skilled performance.     

The impact of parental attachment and supervision on fear of crime among adolescent males

This paper examines the effect of parental attachment and supervision on fear of crime among adolescent males. Earlier work has suggested that feelings of powerlessness and association with deviant peers have a significant impact on adolescent fear of crime. As the nature of the parent-adolescent relationship is also a key predictor of adolescent self-concept and quality of peer relationships, we felt that parental attachment and supervision should also impact fear of crime. Using self-report surveys from 318 incarcerated adolescent males, we examine the effect of parental attachment and supervision, along with other demographic and contextual variables, on fear of criminal victimization, perceived safety, and perceptions of risk. The results indicate that those boys who are most attached to their parents are less fearful of criminal victimization and feel safer in their environment than do their counterparts with weaker parental attachments. Additionally, those boys whose parents supervise them closely are more fearful of criminal victimization, but have lower levels of perceived risk of victimization. Implications and ramifications for social policies and future research are also discussed.     

Reduced or increased influence of non-pertinent information in patients with schizophrenia?

We tested the ability of 18 patients with schizophrenia and 18 matched controls to filter non-pertinent information in orientation matching tasks. The non-pertinent information consisted of pictures conveying semantic information. The pertinent information consisted of oriented line-segments drawn inside pictures or was represented by the overall orientation of the picture itself. The results showed that non-pertinent information interfered with performance of control subjects in all tasks. In contrast, non-pertinent information interfered with the performance of patients with schizophrenia to the same extent as that of matched controls only when non-pertinent and pertinent information was physically mingled, but not when they were separated. Yet, patients processed non-pertinent information in all experiments, as shown by reversed interference effects when non-pertinent and pertinent information was physically separated. These results suggest a deficit at linking physically distinct visual information in patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, performance was more impaired in patients with schizophrenia than in control subjects when the amount of displayed information increased. The results suggest the coexistence, and a possible relationship between attentional deficits and impairments at linking distinct visual information in patients with schizophrenia.     

The practice of forensic psychology. A look toward the future in light of the past

In a 1987 American Psychologist article, Tom Grisso summarized the state of forensic psychological assessment, noted its limitations and potential, and offered suggestions for researchers and practitioners interested in contributing to its future. Since that time, there have been many important developments in the field of forensic psychology, as well as in clinical psychology more generally, some of which were anticipated and recommended by Grisso, and some of which were not. Forensic psychology is now at a crossroads, and the specialty must make an effort to respond to current challenges if it is to aid in the administration of justice by assisting legal decision makers. The need to distinguish between and identify levels of forensic knowledge and practice, establish guidelines for practice, educate legal consumers, and devote more attention to treatment issues in forensic contexts is highlighted.