逻辑与思维

康德相信亚里士多德逻辑的不可更改性,依赖于这样一种思想:逻辑规则陈述‘思维形式’,我们不得不遵照这些规则进行思维。这种思想引起了逻辑与“我们的思考方法”有什么关系的一系列复杂问题。虽然曾假定逻辑规则为“思维规律”是司空见惯的(见布尔1854版著作),但弗雷格有力的批评如此有影响,以致近来一直很少有人在任何模型或形     

社会主义生产关系的表现形式

一、社会主义生产关系的物化生产、分配、交换、消费以及经济关系的所有不同形态在实践中差不多总是表现为物的关系。生产关系直接或间接地同物发生联系。人生活和活动在物质世界中,与他人有密不可分的联系。但是,这种同他人的联系,在很大程度上是通过物表现出来的。一些人生产产品,而另一些人则消费产品。随着社会分工的发展,这种某一个人生产的产品被另一个人用于生产或者个人的消费的情况,正在越来越普遍。反之,每一个人消费的并不是他所生产的。一个人生产的物被另一个人所消费。物不仅应该通过生产过程,而且在进入消费之前还要通过分配和交换的过程。因此,在生产     

论经济管理中形式与内容的矛盾

对社会主义经济发展的种种矛盾进行深刻而又全面地研究,这无疑是必要的。本文只对社会主义经济矛盾之一——管理的形式与内容矛盾的某些方面做些分析。形式化的过程及形式化的结果是复杂多样的。形式化的结果可表现为法律行动、行政命令和社会传统(“不成文的法规”),但下面将探讨的则是形式化的两种基本经济方式:第一种     

德谟克利特的伦理学

认识德谟克利特(约生于公元前460年,卒年不详)的伦理观点,并确定这些观点在伦理学史上的地位,遇到了一个困难。我们所见到的这位哲学家的某些伦理学残篇(这些残篇的真实性至今还有争议)存在着明显的矛盾。对这些残篇中那些在公元前5世纪就已成为伦理学上思想争论的主要对象的问题,现在仍然存在着截然不同的论断。一方面,德谟克利特提出了可以说是他的伦理学的自然主义的(甚至是享乐主义的)方面的命题:“……快乐     

Persuasion criteria in research and practice: Gathering more meaningful psychotherapy data

Psychotherapy research should ultimately benefit the psychotherapy client. Unfortunately, traditional psychotherapy research continues to have little influence on practicing clinicians and, therefore, does not benefit psychotherapy clients. As behavior analysts begin to show interest in this area of research, they may be in a position to improve its quality. We argue that traditional psychotherapy researchers have become prematurely wedded to a methodology that does not address the concerns of clinical audiences. Furthermore, we make a case for defining and evaluating psychotherapy data in terms of its capacity to influence both researchers and clinicians. We also suggest several alternative methods for gathering psychotherapy data based on the case formulation approach. We argue that this approach may be one of the most promising methods for gathering useful psychotherapy data.     

Predictors of stress in adolescents: an exploratory study of pregnant and of parenting females

A study of 152 adolescents enrolled in school-based programs for pregnant and parenting youth in Colorado in 1987-88 found no differences in overall stress levels between these two groups; however, salient predictors of stressful life events for pregnant teens were not the same as those for teen mothers. The mean age of study subjects was 16.5 years (range 14-19 years); most were living with a parent rather than the child's father. The dependent variable, level of stress, was measured through use of an abbreviated Life Events Questionnaire. Independent variables were assessed through administration of the Inventory of Social Supportive Behaviors, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences scale. Of the 5 sources of stress measured (family, accidents, autonomy, deviance, relocation, and distress), only stress related to accidents differed significantly between pregnant and parenting adolescents. For pregnant adolescents, self-esteem was the only significant predictor of the overall level of stress; among parents, the only significant predictor was objective social support. Among adolescents, self-esteem was associated with more frequent use of social support and coping strategies. For parenting adolescents, self-esteem was correlated with the frequency of use of social support, satisfaction resulting from such use, and frequent use of coping strategies. Overall, the independent variables of social support, self-esteem, coping, and age were stronger predictors of stress in pregnant than in parenting adolescent females. This finding suggests that parenting teens may have successfully negotiated the multiple transitions involved in this new stage of the life-cycle. An important implication of this study is the need to design separate counseling components of school-based programs for pregnant versus parenting adolescents rather than to use a single curriculum.     

《结构》之后的路

该文槪略阐述了库恩本人自1962年《科学革命的结构》发表以来三十年的科学哲学探索历程。探索的中心议题是在肯定理论变化间存在不可通约性的前提下,科学知识是如何进化发展的。库恩强调了科学发展与生物演化之间的相似性,并自认为他是一位后达尔文康德主义者。库恩认为,在知识分化与改变过程的內在基础中,有某种类似康德的自在之物存在,它是永恒的、固定的和稳定的东西,且是不可言说、不可描述的,是处在时空之外的。仅此而论,库恩的这一新主张,是否会在目前科学哲学的平靜湖面上形成一个“一石激起千层浪”的新局面呢?我们将拭目以待。     

欧亚主义者的考验

欧亚主义体现在《走向东方,成就与展望,欧亚主义者的主张》这本论文集中。此书一出,立即引起了关注,震动了思想界。论文集由一篇序言和四位作者的10篇文章组成。     

计算心理学与解释理论

我与我的朋友Z.皮利辛在饭后曾进行过一场辩论。它涉及皮利辛(Pylyshn)所提出的下述论断:“如果没有一个关于心理表征的内容同一性的精确规定的概念,那么认知心理学就是不可能的。”后来我想到,拒绝这一论断的理由直接与D.戴维森对于意义理论和心智哲学的众所周知的影响有联系,因而在皮利辛的允许和宽恕(但愿如此)下,我便决定在本文中主要阐述我反对他的论点的理由。     

为内在实在论辩护

1982年12月,美国哲学学会在东部分会年会上就我的著作《理性,真理和历史》(《Reason,Truth,and History》)举行了一次专题讨论会。H.菲尔德和G.哈曼所写的评论文章已在1982年10月号的《哲学杂志》上发表,而其中只有我所作答复的一个简短摘要。下面是我的整个答复,以前从未全文发表过。