Decreased activation in the primary motor cortex area during middle-intensity hand grip exercise to exhaustion in athlete and nonathlete participants

It remains unclear whether activation kinetics in the motor cortex area is affected by training. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of training on the motor cortex activation. To accomplish this, the correlation between maximal voluntary contraction and motor cortex (M1) activity was examined. Differences in the motor cortex activation between two groups during exercise were examined in 14 male volunteer participants (M age 25.2 yr., SD = 1.4): seven highly trained athletes (VO2max = 60 ml/kg/min.; maximal voluntary contraction > 55 kg, M MVC = 63.6 kg, SD = 4.2) and seven nonathletes (VO2max < 45 ml/ kg/min.; MVC < 50.0 kg, M MVC = 4 3.5 kg, SD = 5.2). Participants were familiarized with the study protocol during which they performed a maximal voluntary static handgrip test. Specifically, M1 activation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy throughout a handgrip exercise in which participants performed a sustained middle-intensity handgrip exercise (50% of maximal voluntary contraction) until voluntary exhaustion. In the Athlete group, activation in the M1 at voluntary exhaustion fell below the resting value. In the Nonathlete group, activation in the M1 was elevated throughout the exercise. Results suggest that motor signals from the motor cortex area correlate with exercise training status, especially during fatiguing exercise.     

Educational level signals unobserved abilities of people with high functioning autism spectrum disorders

The effect of educational level on employment of people with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) was examined. If education augments natural abilities to accomplish tasks in people with HFASD, then those with more education would have comparative advantages in both obtaining and retaining jobs. In contrast, if education did not augment natural abilities and only signaled unobservable abilities, one would expect an advantage only in obtaining a job, but not in retention. 22 people with HFASD replied to questionnaires regarding their history of education and employment. Those with job experience had higher educational levels than those with no job experience, but educational level was not significantly different between groups with and without more than one year of job experience. Educational level seems to be associated with abilities, but probably the unobserved abilities underlie both educational attainment and employment history.     

Relationship between a history of consistent maternal employment and depression in young adults

Research on the correlates of maternal employment has yielded inconsistent results. In this study, 79 male and 120 female undergraduates with mothers who had been employed from the students' infancy through their adolescence scored higher on the Beck Depression Inventory-II than those whose mothers had not been employed. This relationship between children's depressive symptoms and mothers' employment history was not evident among young adults whose mothers' employment was perceived to be financially unnecessary.     

试论伊斯兰人生价值观北大核心CSSCISSCI

伊斯兰人生价值观是穆斯林群体的根本价值观,穆斯林群体把伊斯兰人生价值观作为自己的行动指南,按照它去立身处世。本文从社会学的角度分析探讨伊斯兰人生价值观问题,探讨其历史与现实意义。     

勒内思考,故笛卡尔存在

亨迪卡对笛卡尔“我思故我在”的论证提供了一种新的理解方式.他将“我思”论证同戏剧作类比,指出“我思故我在”中的两个“我”属于不同的辨别系统.这种跨越不同辨别系统的推理并不一定能成立,因而笛卡尔的论证中有潜在的问题.但借助电视里真人扮演自己的现象以及命名关系这一“概念事实”,亨迪卡论证了“勒内”可以证明“笛卡尔”的存在.亨迪卡最后指出,这种戏剧类比理解之下的笛卡尔论证同哥德尔不完全性定理的证明有相似之处.     

什么是善——奥古斯丁论模仿统一的秩序是善

一般认为,创造世界的上帝是绝对的善,他不可能在世界上创造出恶,那么,世界上存在着恶应该怎么解释呢?奥古斯丁的答案是,恶就是善的匮乏,就是非存在.善是模仿统一的秩序.作者以此为起点,梳理了奥古斯丁的一些思想,包括上帝、绝对真理(Veritas,Truth)、真理(verum,truth)、善、恶、理性、感官、本性、秩序和无序,以及它们之间的关系.通过梳理,作者也澄清了一些学者对奥古斯丁善恶形而上学的误解.     

语言和社会本体论

通过对言语行为的探讨,有可能解释人类实在和非人类的物理实在之间是如何协调一致的。在分析社会的制度性实在时,我们需要四个概念,即集体意向性、功能的施加、身份功能和建构性规则。使用建构性规则创造身份功能的模式非常类似于第五类言语行为,即宣告。正是这种宣告式的言语行为生成并维持身份功能,继而建立起人类所有的制度性实在。此外,身份功能产生"道义权力",正是这种权力才使人类社会统合在一起。     

把结果论丢在后面

本报告挑战了下述陈词滥调——在结果论和义务论之间可以作出真正有效的理论选择,同时它论证了道义论比结果论的基本洞见更加深刻.以费希特的伦理学理论为例,证明它与亚里士多德实践观的一致性,本报告认为,所有行为都因其自身之故才是值得选择的,对结果的评价必须取决于由值得选择的行为所设置的目的.因此,在按照正确行为而选择的行为与按照最佳结果而选择的行为之间,最终不应该有什么分歧.在某些情况下,一种方法比另一种方法可能有启发性的优势,但每种方法也都可能会犯视角错误.结果论应被丢在后面,但不是彻底丢掉,而是像火车车尾的守车,只要被正确的道义论引擎牵引着,它就适得其所.     

伊斯兰教主张“中正”道路北大核心CSSCISSCI

5月14日至15日,中国伊斯兰教协会主办的“伊斯兰教中道思想研讨会”在新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市成功召开。与会的近百位伊斯兰教界人士和专家学者,围绕“坚守中道,远离极端”的主题,深刻阐释了伊斯兰教的中道思想,有力批驳了宗教极端思想的歪理邪说,强烈谴责了暴力恐怖活动,通过了《坚守中道,远离极端》倡议书,号召广大穆斯林群众积极行动起来,坚守中道、正信正行,远离极端、反对暴力,为促进我国民族团结、社会稳定和伊斯兰教的健康发展凝心聚力,为实现中华民族的伟大复兴做出新贡献。     

The representation of grammatical categories in the brain

Language relies on the rule-based combination of words with different grammatical properties, such as nouns and verbs. Yet most research on the problem of word retrieval has focused on the production of concrete nouns, leaving open a crucial question: how is knowledge about different grammatical categories represented in the brain, and what components of the language production system make use of it? Drawing on evidence from neuropsychology, electrophysiology and neuroimaging, we argue that information about a word's grammatical category might be represented independently of its meaning at the levels of word form and morphological computation.