九十年代的心理学:潮流与挑战

在1990年,人们可能会期望心理学家以从未有过的巨大热情来关注个体和群体的理性机制问题,据此,我们可以来解释威胁着我们的全球性危机,诸如核武器竞赛等。安全系统的心理学研究需要控制这些有可能膨胀的威胁。然而,这或许会导致心理学中“科学”与“人文”倾向之间紧张度的增加。另一方面,我们也能够期望有更认真的尝试,通过分析心理学的哲学背景,发展一种历史的心理学,在社会心理学的帮助下,通过沟通不同的分支,可产生一种综合的心理学。     

天才大脑机制的神经学研究

天才是指那些在创造力和技巧方面有特殊才能或倾向,以及具有非凡成就的极少数个体。人们认为天才的最普遍特征是智商(IQ)高,创造力强,并有强烈的动机感(承担任务)。本文对目前有关智能及创造力的脑研究知识作一个综述,包括脑电波(EEG)的生理测量,脑功率谱分析,大脑诱发电位和阳离子发射层面x射线照相术,并考虑了现存的矛盾、争议、正式假说和研究中的争端问题。我们特别对脑电波动力学的确定性功能加以阐述,提出了一个天才认知组织和大脑加工过程层次的混沌模型。     

评《马克思、恩格斯和列宁论社会主义和共产主义》

我国社会生活一切方面的改革、完善社会主义的必要性,已经把更加完整地利用马列主义思想的全部宝贵财富,提到议事日程上来了,它是取之不尽的思想源泉。马克思、恩格斯和列宁关于科学共产主义问题的思想理论遗著在当前有着特别重要的意义。苏共中央马列主义研究院对出版的这些思想理论遗著,     

儿童早期的父母教育——《儿童生长》通讯

在现代社会,有人认为缺乏儿童发展知识或没有受过有关方面训练的人也能够成为一个好父亲(母亲).然而,父母们很快就会知道要做合格的父母是生活中最艰难复杂的任务之一.在过去,也就是在社会人员流动较小的时代,通常由大家族的成员们——如祖父母,父辈亲属或堂兄弟——为刚作父母的年轻人传授作父母的实际知识(Bronfenbrenner,1970)但是在现代工业技术高度发展的社会,迫切需要进行父母教育的新方法(Henry,1981).     

宗教在道德教育中的作用

长期以来,大多数宗教总是很自然地把道德与宗教信仰和实践联系在一起。例如,在古希腊,道德教育基本上是通过传奇式的宗教文学来进行的,象关于上帝的传说以及希腊英雄的故事等。正是由于这个原因,柏拉图十分审慎地对待道德教育中所采用的诗歌和典故。柏拉图批评当时的大多数诗歌,认为他们不适合于用来教育青少年,因为这些诗歌错误地把上帝描绘成具有迷惑力的、骗人的、好战的和假的东西。相反,柏拉图认为真正的上帝是完美无缺的,是不可更换的,也不可能欺骗人。     

重在实践

至大的真主在《古兰经》中说:“你们是诵经的人,你们怎么可以命人行善,而忘却自身呢?难道你们真不明白吗?”(2∶44)从这段详明的经文,我们应当知道:有些人,他们常以诚信者自诩。他们常以信仰和善功命令别人,而他们自身却放任自流,     

公正:变化中的美德观念

有两种互不相容的公正观念:一是通过说明怎样根据各人所挣之物赋予其权利和赋予哪些权利来解释公正概念;一是通过说明根据各人的基本需要及其满足方法而确立的平等权利来解释公正概念。 分析道德哲学家R·诺齐克和J·罗尔斯对上述基于合法所得权利和基本需要这两种主张在理论上作出表述: 罗尔斯认为,在规定任何社会制度下对利益的公正分配时都将依据下述两条原则和一条规     

先验指号学与第一哲学的范式

本文旨在证明,先验指号学可以理解为第一哲学的一种新范式,就是说,可以理解为语言分析范式的完成。语言分析范式作为第一哲学的第三种范式是继承前两种范式的,即亚里士多德意义上的本体论或形而上学,以及康德意义上(或从笛卡儿到胡塞尔的近代哲学的更广泛意义上)的关于意识的先验哲学。在我看来,新的范式可以“扬弃”(在黑格尔意义上)以前的两种范式。     

Fixed-ratio pausing: Joint effects of past reinforcer magnitude and stimuli correlated with upcoming magnitude

Pigeons responded on fixed-ratio schedules ending in small or large reinforcers (grain presentations of different duration) interspersed within each session. In mixed-schedule conditions, the response key was lit with a single color throughout the session, and pausing was directly related to the past reinforcer (longer pauses after large reinforcers than after small ones). In multiple-schedule conditions, different colors accompanied the ratios ending in small and large reinforcers, and pausing was affected by the upcoming reinforcer as well as the past one. Pauses were shorter before large reinforcers than before small ones, but they continued to be longer after large reinforcers than after small ones. The influence of the past reinforcer was modulated by the magnitude of the upcoming reinforcer; in the presence of the stimulus before the small reinforcer, the effect of the past reinforcer was enhanced relative to its effect in the stimulus before the large reinforcer. These results show that pausing between ratios is jointly determined by two competing factors: past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions.     

Beliefs about condoms and accessibility of condom intentions in Hispanic and African American youth

The construct accessibility model (CAM) holds that constructs are most likely to influence behavior when they are accessible in memory. While the theory of reasoned action sees intention as an important determinant of behavior, the CAM predicts that the intention to act upon a given health behavior is not likely to be acted upon unless the intention is in an accessible state. Therefore, people who frequently talk about or think about using condoms are likely to have condom related constructs available and use them when needed. This paper reports findings from the pilot phase of a project to identify beliefs which influence condom use in Hispanic and African-American youth living in Detroit. 15 male and 15 female Hispanics and 17 male and 17 female African-Americans aged 15-21 years of mean and median age 18.5, were interviewed face-to-face in 1989 with the goal of identifying condom beliefs which may influence their condom use. 80-82% of male participants, 53% of Hispanic females, and 100% of Black females had experienced sexual intercourse, with age at first intercourse ranging between 13.1 and 16.5 years. 88% of Black women and 7% of Hispanic women were pregnant at the interview. Regarding participants' level of preventive knowledge, all but 1 recently immigrated Hispanic female knew HIV was transmitted by needles and sexual intercourse. 87% of Hispanics and 94% of African-Americans responded that condoms protect against AIDS, but only 13% of Hispanics and 47% of African-Americans knew that nonlatex condoms do not. Some participants expressed concern that condoms reduce sensitivity and/or break during intercourse. Controlling for sexual activity, 25% of Hispanic females, 83% of Hispanic males, 71% of African-American females, and 80% of African-American males had ever used a condom; no Hispanic and 14% of Blacks reported using them consistently in the 12 month period preceding the interview. With 100% of African-American males and 97% of Black females reporting thinking about using condoms compared to 80% of Hispanics, the study findings suggest that condom intentions are more accessible in African-Americans than among Hispanics.