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21.
Maurice Cabanis Martin Pyka Stephanie Mehl Bernhard W. Müller Stephanie Loos-Jankowiak Georg Winterer Wolfgang Wölwer Francesco Musso Stefan Klingberg Alexander M. Rapp Karin Langohr Georg Wiedemann Jutta Herrlich Henrik Walter Michael Wagner Knut Schnell Kai Vogeley Hanna Kockler Nadim J. Shah Tony Stöcker Renate Thienel Katharina Pauly Axel Krug Tilo Kircher 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2013,13(2):330-345
Attributions are constantly assigned in everyday life. A well-known phenomenon is the self-serving bias: that is, people’s tendency to attribute positive events to internal causes (themselves) and negative events to external causes (other persons/circumstances). Here, we investigated the neural correlates of the cognitive processes implicated in self-serving attributions using social situations that differed in their emotional saliences. We administered an attributional bias task during fMRI scanning in a large sample of healthy subjects (n = 71). Eighty sentences describing positive or negative social situations were presented, and subjects decided via buttonpress whether the situation had been caused by themselves or by the other person involved. Comparing positive with negative sentences revealed activations of the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Self-attribution correlated with activation of the posterior portion of the precuneus. However, self-attributed positive versus negative sentences showed activation of the anterior portion of the precuneus, and self-attributed negative versus positive sentences demonstrated activation of the bilateral insular cortex. All significant activations were reported with a statistical threshold of p ≤ .001, uncorrected. In addition, a comparison of our fMRI task with data from the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire, Revised German Version, demonstrated convergent validity. Our findings suggest that the precuneus and the PCC are involved in the evaluation of social events with particular regional specificities: The PCC is activated during emotional evaluation, the posterior precuneus during attributional evaluation, and the anterior precuneus during self-serving processes. Furthermore, we assume that insula activation is a correlate of awareness of personal agency in negative situations. 相似文献
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This study examined how self-relevant failure influences error monitoring—as reflected in the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN)
—and behavioral adaptation during subsequent feedback-based learning. We applied two phases (pre- and posttest) of a probabilistic
learning task. Between pre- and posttest, participants were assigned to one of two groups receiving either failure feedback
or no feedback during a visual search task described as diagnostic of intellectual abilities. To disentangle the effects of
failure and motivational disengagement due to prolonged task performance, we linked the posttest to intelligence (Experiment
1) or described it in neutral terms (Experiment 2). Failure induction was associated with an increase in Ne/ERN amplitude at posttest in both experiments, although there were
no differences in overall performance. In contrast, the Ne/ERN decreased from pre- to posttest in the no-failure-feedback
group, particularly in Experiment 2. Furthermore, failure feedback affected error-related behavioral adjustments, suggesting a shift toward a reactive, error-driven
mode of behavior control. These findings emphasize the importance of affective-motivational state in error processing and
subsequent behavioral adaptation. 相似文献
25.
Annette van Randenborgh Joachim Hüffmeier Joelle LeMoult Jutta Joormann 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(4):325-332
Self-regulation of behavior frequently requires that people disengage from goals that are too difficult to attain. The current
studies investigate whether self-focused rumination hinders the execution of this crucial self-regulatory competence. In study
one, participants attempted to solve anagrams, some of which were unsolvable, and their predisposition to engage in self-focused
rumination was assessed. The tendency to ruminate was associated with getting stuck in the attempt to solve unsolvable anagrams.
In study two, ruminative thoughts were manipulated by asking participants to focus on their self, personality, and goals in
life, a task frequently employed to induce rumination. Compared to participants undergoing a distraction induction, ruminating
participants were more likely to get stuck trying to solve unsolvable anagrams. These results suggest that self-focused rumination
hinders disengagement from unattainable goals. 相似文献
26.
Richard Lynn Sylwia Wilberg Jutta Margraf-Stiksrud 《Personality and individual differences》2004,37(8):1643-1650
This study examines the hypotheses that (1) 17 domains of general knowledge can be identified; (2) these are positively intercorrelated and form a general factor of general knowledge; (3) there are sex differences in the different domains of general knowledge; and (4) males have more general knowledge in more of these domains than females and in the general factor. The study tests these hypotheses on a sample of 302 German high school students. All the hypotheses were confirmed. All the domains of general knowledge were positively intercorrelated. A general factor was found that explained 31.3% of the variance. Males achieved significantly and substantially higher scores than females in general knowledge of 0.60d. The only area in which females scored significantly higher than males was Nutrition for which there was a medium size effect size (d=0.50). The results are highly similar to those among university students in Northern Ireland reported by Lynn, Irwing, and Cammock (2002). 相似文献
27.
Cognitive inflexibility may play an important role in rumination, a risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. In the study reported here, we assessed participants' ability to either reverse or maintain in working memory the order of three emotion or three neutral words. Differences (or sorting costs) between response latencies in backward trials, on which participants were asked to reverse the order of the words, and forward trials, on which participants were asked to remember the words in the order in which they were presented, were calculated. Compared with control participants, depressed participants had higher sorting costs, particularly when presented with negative words. It is important to note that rumination predicted sorting costs for negative words but not for positive or neutral words in the depressed group. These findings indicate that depression and rumination are associated with deficits in cognitive control. 相似文献
28.
Previous research has shown that it is possible to experimentally induce interpretive biases using ambiguous scenarios. This study extends past findings by examining the effects of cognitive bias modification for interpretation on subsequent scenario recall. Participants were trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a positive or negative direction. Transfer of the training to novel scenarios was tested. After training, participants were also asked to recall details from these novel scenarios. The results indicate that the training was effective in inducing the intended group differences in interpretive bias. Importantly, participants exhibited memory biases that corresponded to their training condition. These results suggest that manipulating interpretive biases can result in corresponding changes in memory. Findings from this study highlight the importance of future research on the relation among cognitive biases and on the possibility of modifying cognitive biases in emotional disorders. 相似文献
29.
Dr. phil. Jutta Kahl-Popp 《Psychotherapeut》2010,55(6):471-476
Clinical practice with supervision is that area of psychoanalytic education, in which psychotherapeutic competence is learned, developed and imparted. From the results of the current research about education and supervision, the tasks and aims of supervision are derived. Based on that a context-analytical concept of supervision is evolved. In context-analytical supervision a researching attitude is adopted by which the interactional evaluation of the patient/supervisee is captured and understood for to follow this in psychotherapeutic/supervisory acting and intervening. Finally the potential of context-analysis as a method of qualitative research is pointed out. 相似文献
30.
We combined a feedback-based learning task with a recognition memory paradigm to investigate how reward-based learning affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of recognition memory in younger and older adults. We found that positive, but not negative learning improves memory and results in an increased early ERP old–new effect, which is typically associated with familiarity-based memory. This indicates that reward-based learning supports a fast and relatively automatic memory retrieval process. Furthermore, we found age-related impairments in reward-based learning, whereas memory for the learned information was intact in the elderly, suggesting that declarative memory might be less affected by aging. 相似文献