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641.
Little research has examined the effects of prejudice and discrimination on people's romantic relationships. The authors explored whether belonging to a socially devalued relationship affects consequential relational phenomena. Within the framework of the Investment Model, the authors (a) tested the association between perceived relationship marginalization and relationship commitment, (b) compared investment levels of individuals involved in marginalized versus nonmarginalized relationships, and (c) explored ways in which couples may compensate for decreased investments to maintain high commitment. Consistent with hypotheses, marginalization was a significant negative predictor of commitment. Moreover, individuals in marginalized relationships invested significantly less than individuals in nonmarginalized relationships. Despite investing less, marginalized relationship partners were significantly more committed than were their nonmarginalized counterparts. Thus, marginalized partners appeared to compensate for their reduced investments, with evidence suggesting that compensation occurs via reduced perception of relationship alternatives rather than via increased perception of relationship satisfaction. 相似文献
642.
What to do on spring break? The role of predicted,on-line,and remembered experience in future choice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When individuals choose future activities on the basis of their past experiences, what guides those choices? The present study compared students' predicted, on-line, and remembered spring-break experiences, as well as the influence of these factors on students' desire to take a similar vacation in the future. Predicted and remembered experiences were both more positive-and, paradoxically, more negative-than on-line experiences. Of key importance, path analyses revealed that remembered experience, but neither on-line nor anticipated experience, directly predicted the desire to repeat the experience. These results suggest that although on-line measures may be superior to retrospective measures for approximating objective experience, retrospective measures may be superior for predicting choice. 相似文献
643.
Poreh AM Rawlings D Claridge G Freeman JL Faulkner C Shelton C 《Journal of personality disorders》2006,20(3):247-260
The aim of the study was to develop a self-report measure that assesses borderline personality traits as defined by DSM-IV criteria, including separate subscales for each criterion. A sample of normal subjects from community colleges in the midwestern region of the United States was used to develop the scale. The psychometric properties of the scale were examined using an additional United States sample and student samples from England and Australia. The scale was compared with existing measures of borderline and schizotypal personality. Evidence for the internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity of the new scale is presented. The results of several analyses of variance comparing males and females in the three national groups are reported. A Principal Components Analysis of the subscales suggested either a single factor or two correlated factors. Oblique rotation yielded a structure that distinguished identity/interpersonal and impulsivity borderline personality traits. It is concluded that the new scale provides a useful tool for clinicians and researchers interested in screening for borderline personality traits in both general and clinical populations. Suggestions for further research are indicated. 相似文献
644.
People with autism have a number of reported deficits in object recognition and global processing. Is there a low-level spatial integration deficit associated with this? We measured spatial-form-coherence detection thresholds using a Glass stimulus in a field of random dots, and compared performance to a similar motion-coherence task. A coherent visual patch was depicted by dots separated by a rotational transformation in space (form) or space-time (motion). To measure parallel visual integration, stimuli were presented for only 250 ms. We compared detection thresholds for children with autism, children with Asperger syndrome, and a matched control group. Children with autism showed a significant form-coherence deficit and a significant motion-coherence deficit, while the performance of the children with Asperger syndrome did not differ significantly from that of controls on either task. 相似文献
645.
With sadness comes accuracy; with happiness, false memory: mood and the false memory effect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm lures people to produce false memories. Two experiments examined whether induced positive or negative moods would influence this false memory effect. The affect-as-information hypothesis predicts that, on the one hand, positive affective cues experienced as task-relevant feedback encourage relational processing during encoding, which should enhance false memory effects. On the other hand, negative affective cues are hypothesized to encourage item-specific processing at encoding, which should discourage such effects. The results of Experiment 1 are consistent with these predictions: Individuals in negative moods were significantly less likely to show false memory effects than those in positive moods or those whose mood was not manipulated. Experiment 2 introduced inclusion instructions to investigate whether moods had their effects at encoding or retrieval. The results replicated the false memory finding of Experiment 1 and provide evidence that moods influence the accessibility of lures at encoding, rather than influencing monitoring at retrieval of whether lures were actually presented. 相似文献
646.
Jennifer?A.?HessEmail author Justin?D.?Rueb 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(1):24-42
Public attitudes toward abortion have long been an issue in American political debates. Theoretical understanding of influences
on abortion attitudes may assist researchers in determining contributors of the attribution. Accordingly, this study administered
a 40-item abortion opinion survey to 396 college students at a Midwestern university to determine potential factors correlated
with abortion attitudes. Several factors such as religious involvement, knowledge of someone who has an abortion, and one’s
definition as to when life begins were correlated with abortion attitudes. Furthermore, Democrats reported stronger pro-choice
views than Republicans did. Similarly, Liberals were more pro-choice oriented than Conservatives. Although causal relationships
were not directly explored, theoretical explanations and support provide for a thorough understanding of potential factors
of abortion attitude formation and a preliminary model. Future implications are also discussed. 相似文献
647.
Matthew?J.?SharpsEmail author Amy?Boothby?Villegas Justin?Matthews 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(2):102-112
Although previous research has shown the importance of feature-intensive processing of relevant information in the staving
off of addictive behaviors, the present study examined the possibility that a more global, gestalt rejection of cigarette
smoking may be operating to reduce smoking behavior. The present study addressed this possibility through the use of a decision
efficacy rating procedure, in which smoking and nonsmoking respondents were asked to determine whether an individual was justified
in smoking in a variety of given situations. Nonsmokers tended to reject smoking under any circumstances, whereas smokers
tended to entertain mitigating circumstances more favorably in justifying smoking, especially when smoking could be construed
as providing some perceived positive gains in serious situations. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/feature-intensive
processing theory of cognition, and in terms of the importance of cognitive approaches to the understanding of addictive behaviors. 相似文献
648.
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mathematics is a uniquely human capacity. Studies of animals and human infants reveal, however, that this capacity builds on language-independent mechanisms for quantifying small numbers (<4) precisely and large numbers approximately. It is unclear whether animals and human infants can spontaneously tap mechanisms for quantifying large numbers to compute mathematical operations. Moreover, all available work on addition operations in non-human animals has confounded number with continuous perceptual properties (e.g. volume, contour length) that correlate with number. This study shows that rhesus monkeys spontaneously compute addition operations over large numbers, as opposed to continuous extents, and that the limit on this ability is set by the ratio difference between two numbers as opposed to their absolute difference. 相似文献
649.
Developmental research suggests that some of the mechanisms that underlie numerical cognition are present and functional in human infancy. To investigate these mechanisms and their developmental course, psychologists have turned to behavioral and electrophysiological methods using briefly presented displays. These methods, however, depend on the assumption that young infants can extract numerical information rapidly. Here we test this assumption and begin to investigate the speed of numerical processing in five-month-old infants. Infants successfully discriminated between arrays of 4 vs. 8 dots on the basis of number when a new array appeared every 2 s, but not when a new array appeared every 1.0 or 1.5 s. These results suggest alternative interpretations of past findings, provide constraints on the design of future experiments, and introduce a new method for probing infants' enumeration process. Further experiments using this method provide initial evidence that infants' enumeration mechanism operates in parallel and yields increasingly accurate numerical representations over time, as does the enumeration mechanism used by adults in symbolic and non-symbolic tasks. 相似文献
650.
The convergent validity of the primary and secondary psychopathy scales of the Levenson, Kiehl, and Fitzpatrick (1995) Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRPS) were investigated by contrasting correlations between the two SRPS scales and self-report adaptive and maladaptive shame coping scales. The results, from a sample of 305 undergraduates, supported the convergent validity of the SRPS primary (selfish, uncaring, manipulative interpersonal style) and secondary (impulsivity and self-defeating behavior) scales; both possessed small but significant negative relationships with adaptive shame coping and small but significant positive relationships with externalizing shame coping. An opposing pattern of convergent validity was evidenced by partial correlations (controlling for SPRS scale covariance) that indicated the SRPS primary scale had a negative relationship and the secondary scale had a positive relationship to internalizing shame coping. 相似文献