Do children's number words begin noisy?

How do children acquire exact meanings for number words like three or forty‐seven? In recent years, a lively debate has probed the cognitive systems that support learning, with some arguing that an evolutionarily ancient “approximate number system” drives early number word meanings, and others arguing that learning is supported chiefly by representations of small sets of discrete individuals. This debate has centered around the findings generated by Wynn's ( 1990 , 1992 ) Give‐a‐Number task, which she used to categorize children into discrete “knower level” stages. Early reports confirmed Wynn's analysis, and took these stages to support the “small sets” hypothesis. However, more recent studies have disputed this analysis, and have argued that Give‐a‐Number data reveal a strong role for approximate number representations. In the present study, we use previously collected Give‐a‐Number data to replicate the analyses of these past studies, and to show that differences between past studies are due to assumptions made in analyses, rather than to differences in data themselves. We also show how Give‐a‐Number data violate the assumptions of parametric tests used in past studies. Based on simple non‐parametric tests and model simulations, we conclude that (a) before children learn exact meanings for words like one, two, three, and four, they first acquire noisy preliminary meanings for these words, (b) there is no reliable evidence of preliminary meanings for larger meanings, and (c) Give‐a‐Number cannot be used to readily identify signatures of the approximate number system.     

社交网站在社会认同发展中的作用

社会认同是个体对属于某特定社会群体的意识, 以及这种意识对个体情绪、情感的价值与意义。当前, 社交网站已逐渐渗透到了人们生活的各个方面, 改变了传统社会认同的环境。主要体现在扩展社交范围、促进信息交换、提供表达舞台、允许隐私设置和提供多重选择这五个方面。社交网站在个体社会认同的建构、表达、管理、重构和建立归属感等过程中均发挥了重要作用。未来研究仍需在研究方法、研究内容和实践应用上做进一步深化。     

The “Weakest Link” as an Indicator of Cognitive Vulnerability Predicts Stress Generation: A Multi-Wave Longitudinal Study among Adolescents

Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - This multi-wave longitudinal study examined the role of depressive symptoms and the weakest link approach as an indicator of cognitive...     

形象度对图标内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响

记忆心理学领域大量研究证实了内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离,且内隐记忆相比外显记忆在记忆容量、保持时间及稳定性上均有优势。实验记录了15名被试在内隐记忆任务与外显记忆任务中形象图标和抽象图标的行为及ERP数据。结果表明:内隐记忆中,形象图标的行为和300～500ms顶区差异波的启动量均显著高于抽象图标。外显记忆中,形象图标的外显记忆正确率显著高于抽象图标,而反应时无显著差异; 300～500ms额区的差异波,形象图标显著负向于抽象图标,而500～800ms顶区的晚成分差异波两者无显著差异。研究结果表明,形象图标在浅加工下进行无意识记忆具有明显的优势。形象图标与抽象图标在图形化界面语言的使用中一直存在争论,通过实验在行为指标与脑电生理指标上提供了量化证据。     

拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征的关联：一项元分析

运用元分析法整合探究拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征关联的已有实证研究, 旨在分析两者间的关联, 并同时考察可能影响该关联的其他变量。经过文献检索和筛选, 共纳入符合要求的原始文献50篇, 含84个效应量, 总样本量为7400人。同质性检验结果表明, 纳入研究的异质性较高, 故进一步对各影响因素变量进行了亚样本及元回归分析。结果发现, 在不同研究设计类型、被试所处地、样本类型、边缘型人格特征指标、拒绝敏感性测量类型的亚样本下, 二者之间的关联存在一定差异, 其中在横向设计、其他地区样本、混合被试、整体边缘型人格特征、量表法测量时所得的拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征间的关联最强; 年龄与女性被试比例对该关联不存在显著影响。未来研究可通过纵向研究进一步揭示二者间的预测方向, 考察拒绝敏感性不同成分与边缘型人格特征间的关联, 并在国内开展探索二者关联的研究。     

A Note on the Identifiability of Fixed-Effect 3PL Models

In this note, we prove that the 3 parameter logistic model with fixed-effect abilities is identified only up to a linear transformation of the ability scale under mild regularity conditions, contrary to the claims in Theorem 2 of San Martín et al. (Psychometrika, 80(2):450–467, 2015a).     

Approximations to the distribution of a test statistic in covariance structure analysis: A comprehensive study

In structural equation modelling (SEM), a robust adjustment to the test statistic or to its reference distribution is needed when its null distribution deviates from a χ² distribution, which usually arises when data do not follow a multivariate normal distribution. Unfortunately, existing studies on this issue typically focus on only a few methods and neglect the majority of alternative methods in statistics. Existing simulation studies typically consider only non-normal distributions of data that either satisfy asymptotic robustness or lead to an asymptotic scaled χ² distribution. In this work we conduct a comprehensive study that involves both typical methods in SEM and less well-known methods from the statistics literature. We also propose the use of several novel non-normal data distributions that are qualitatively different from the non-normal distributions widely used in existing studies. We found that several under-studied methods give the best performance under specific conditions, but the Satorra–Bentler method remains the most viable method for most situations.     

社交网络（SNS）中的自我呈现及其影响因素

基于符号互动论而提出的自我呈现概念及其理论,以往常被用于解释人们现实生活中的面对面人际互动行为。近些年。社交网络逐渐成为人际互动行为发生的重要场域。由于社交网络自身的独特之处,人们在社交网络中的自我呈现,与现实面对面、传统计算机媒介交流中的自我呈现有诸多不同。社交网络中的自我呈现更受到目标观众、动机、人格特征、性别和文化等方面的显著影响。西方的“富者更富理论”和“社会补偿理论”,在解释社交网络中自我呈现现象本质时各执一词,而国内的“补充我／补偿我理论”或许能较好地解决这一理论问题。未来的SNS自我呈现研究应在扩展被试群体范围、SNS网站种类和影响因素变量几方面继续前行。     

手机成瘾者抑制控制能力特点：来自反向眼跳任务的证据

为深入研究手机成瘾者的抑制控制能力特点,使用手机成瘾倾向量表筛选34名被试,手机成瘾组与非手机成瘾组各17名被试完成反向眼跳范式测量。结果发现：(1)手机成瘾组反向眼跳错误率显著高于非手机成瘾组。(2)手机成瘾组朝向眼跳潜伏期显著短于非手机成瘾组。结果表明,手机成瘾组抑制控制能力显著低于非手机成瘾组,反向眼跳任务成绩较差。这表明手机成瘾者较容易受自下而上的刺激驱动,较难抑制无关刺激产生的注意干扰。     

Exploring thematic influences on theme park visitors' satisfaction: An empirical study on Disneyland China

This study aims to explore thematic influences on theme park visitors' satisfaction through user-generated data. To this end, we first used an unsupervised machine learning method, structural topic modeling, and analyzed 112,000 reviews post by visitors to Shanghai Disney Resort from June 16, 2016 to March 4, 2022. Our findings are of great significance for reflecting consumer behavior through user-generated data. Specifically, we find that visitors' satisfaction is highly related to service in the theme park and their playing feeling, and early tourists pay more attention to the experience of specific playing items while later tourists focus on the overall playing experience. In addition, an empirical study is conducted by treating the ratings associated with each review as dependent variable and each topic represented by comments as independent variables, which shows that the relationship between the customer reviews and ratings by tourists becomes less pronounced over time. In other words, as time goes, customers review can reflect their subjective feelings or experience, but the rating is not. We discover the “dynamics” of user-generated data over time and gain a better understanding of the aspects and concerns of visitors' satisfaction over time. The findings of the study contribute to the literature on tourism, service, and consumer behavior while also providing valuable practical implications.