Analyzing Longitudinal Item Response Data via the Pairwise Fitting Method

Multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models can be applied to longitudinal educational surveys where a group of individuals are administered different tests over time with some common items. However, computational problems typically arise as the dimension of the latent variables increases. This is especially true when the latent variable distribution cannot be integrated out analytically, as with MIRT models for binary data. In this article, based on the pseudolikelihood theory, we propose a pairwise modeling strategy to estimate item and population parameters in longitudinal studies. Our pairwise method effectively reduces the dimensionality of the problem and hence is applicable to longitudinal IRT data with high-dimensional latent variables, which are challenging for classical methods. And in the low-dimensional case, our simulation study shows that it performs comparably with the classical methods. We further illustrate the implementation of the pairwise method using a development study of mathematics levels of junior high school students in which the response data are collected from 65 classes of 8 schools from 4 different school districts in China.     

茅山元阳观

元阳观为茅山名观之一,历史悠久.唐代诗人顾况(727-815)曾寓居此观读书多年,后作有<题元阳观旧读书房赠李范>诗云:"此观十年游,此房千里宿,还来旧窗下,更取君书读."该观后毁于战乱,南宋时复建.据<金坛县志>和元代刘大彬<茅山志>记载,南宋隆兴初(1163),吴兴道人沈善智穴居于此,自称洞主.时有黑虎随之出入,人皆异之.后韩蕲王夫人茅氏与侍从者来访遗迹,果见黑虎随道人周旋起伏,因号沈善智为伏虎真人,随即资助构建殿堂,名为"冲虚庵".庆元年间(1195-1200),请得观额,仍名元阳观.此后该观又历经风雨,几度兴废.     

探《管子》对易学发展的贡献

《管子》吸取了以往阴阳说与五行说的基本思想,将二者有机地融为一体,完善了阴阳五行说体系,阴阳与五行相结合是在四时观念系统中完成的,而《管子》就有非常大的贡献;《管子》中论述四时之象透露出二气消息不同状态与格局之信息,为汉代易“卦气说”奠定了基础;并且《管子》“精气说”为王充以后的“禀气说”产生重大影响。以上三个方面《管子》对易学发展的贡献是不可低估的。     

Whose side are you on? Relational orientations and their impacts on side‐taking among Dutch and Chinese employees

Informal relationships often influence employees who intervene in an interpersonal conflict between colleagues. We investigate and report the effects of relational orientations (reciprocity orientation and communal orientation) on employee preference of choosing sides between an acquaintance and a friend in a workplace dispute in The Netherlands and China. A scenario study was conducted among 104 Dutch and 105 Chinese employees. As hypothesized, the results indicate that employees, especially Dutch employees, with an interest‐concerned reciprocity orientation tend to side with the acquaintance who has a greater potential to return the favour. By contrast, employees, especially Chinese, with a sharing‐concerned communal orientation tend to side with their workplace friend. Explanations and implications of the findings are discussed.     

The Influence of Organizational Culture on Work‐Related Personality Requirement Ratings: A multilevel analysis

The effects of organizational culture on job incumbents' ratings of work‐related personality requirements were investigated. Data collected from 270 customer service representatives working within 37 mobile phone service companies in China demonstrated significant between‐organization differences and sufficient within‐organization agreement on two dimensions of work‐related personality requirements, achievement orientation and conscientiousness, to suggest that these work‐related personality requirements can be interpreted as organizational‐level constructs. Furthermore, incumbents' ratings of the two personality requirements were positively related to two corresponding dimensions of organizational culture, achievement‐oriented culture and integrity‐oriented culture, respectively, and as predicted, both were positively associated with team‐oriented culture. Further analyses revealed that team‐oriented culture appeared to play a particularly salient role in predicting incumbents' perceptions about the importance of the two dimensions of personality requirements.     

情境和任务对空间认知参考框架选择的影响

通过运动迷津和语言描述任务,考察情境和任务对大学生空间参考框架选择的影响。结果表明,开放空间和目标物同背景融为一体有利于被试选择绝对参考框架。习惯空间术语对空间参考框架选择有影响,但影响程度视情境和任务之间关系而定。     

Construct of job performance: Evidence from Chinese military soldiers

The construct of job performance has been one of the important topics in job performance research. The present study investigated the construct of job performance among Chinese military soldiers using both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, after interviewing 95 officers and soldiers, we categorized and conceptualized eight sets of typical behavioural incidents related to soldiers' job performance, and designed a questionnaire measuring job performance. Then, using a sample of 1402 Chinese soldiers, questionnaire reliability and validity were tested, and then the questionnaire was revised. The construct of job performance was further refined using confirmatory factor analyses and regression analyses using another sample of 1068 soldiers. The results showed that Chinese military soldiers' job performance consisted of two dimensions of task performance and contextual performance. Furthermore, task performance had three subfactors: military training, task accomplishment and work capability, whereas contextual performance encompassed four factors: helping others, love of learning, promoting organizational benefit and self-discipline. Task performance and contextual performance contributed independently to overall job performance.     

心境影响自尊的记忆效应的研究

研究了心境在自尊的记忆效应中所起的作用.被试为181名大学生,30个特质形容词为刺激材料,采用2(自尊分组)×2(BDI分组)×2(参照条件)×2(词性)的混合实验设计,要求被试自由回忆特质形容词.以中性词或BDI分数为协变量进行了方差分析及简单效应分析,结果重复证实了既往研究发现的自尊的记忆效应模式,且发现不存在对于负向信息的自我参照效应.更为重要的是,研究结果证实自尊的记忆效应并非暂时的心境使然,而是特质自尊作用的结果.这一结果有助于加深对自尊的认知动力特性的认识.     

健康人格研究述评

在适应现代生活的同时人们愈来愈重视人格健康问题,个体的健康人格状况一直受到学者们的关注.文章对国内外二十年来健康人格的理论和实证研究进展进行了系统综述.在此基础上,指出了健康人格研究领域存在的问题和将来进一步研究的方向.