High-Risk Behavior Among Young Adolescents in The Central and Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia: Baseline Data from The MyHeART Study

The onset of high-risk behaviors in adolescents are associated with family, social and behavioral factors. This study aims to describe the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among young adolescents in Peninsular Malaysia and determine the relationship between high-risk behaviors and family sociodemographics and behaviors. The data utilized are from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Study, a prospective cohort analysis conducted in three large states of Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor, Perak, and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The sample included 13-year-old adolescents in their first year of secondary school. Students and parents or guardians were given separate, standardized self-administered questionnaire. A high-risk behavior variable was determined on the basis of exposure to substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs), gambling, and online pornography or violence. The exploratory variable of interest (family sociodemographics) was defined as parents’ demographics, employment status, education level, and socioeconomic status. The analysis included 1341 adolescents and 1146 parents. Of the school-going adolescents, 4.7?% (n?=?52) reported HRBs. Tobacco use (9?%, n?=?1 19) and watching pornography or violent content on the Internet (5?%, n?=?72) accounted for most of the behaviors, whereas illicit drug use contributed the least (2?%, n?=?32). More adolescents from the higher socioeconomic groups, than from the middle groups exhibited high-risk behaviors (odds ratio ?=?3.039, 95?% confidence interval?=?2.884–3.202); by contrast, the odds ratio of high-risk behavior among adolescents with a low socio-economic status was 2.246 (95?% CI?=?2.014–2.397). Future intervention programs for adolescents should focus on overcoming high-risk behaviors and sustain behavioral changes.     

Odor Semantics and Visual Cues: What We Smell Impacts Where We Look,What We Remember,and What We Want to Buy

The current research uses eye‐tracking technology in a consumer context to explore the interactive effects of olfactory and visual cues on consumers' eye gaze patterns. We manipulate the semantic correspondence between pictorial objects depicted in print advertisements and odors smelled (or not) while looking at the ads. The results indicate that smelling a scent that shares learned semantic associations with an object in the advertisement diverts consumers' eye gazes to the semantically related object in the ad, with positive downstream effects on advertising recall and purchase intent. This is the first study we are aware of demonstrating multisensory integration of odors and pictures on consumer eye gaze patterns with clear implications for consumer choice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on monotonicity of item response functions for ordered polytomous item response theory models

A monotone relationship between a true score (τ) and a latent trait level (θ) has been a key assumption for many psychometric applications. The monotonicity property in dichotomous response models is evident as a result of a transformation via a test characteristic curve. Monotonicity in polytomous models, in contrast, is not immediately obvious because item response functions are determined by a set of response category curves, which are conceivably non-monotonic in θ. The purpose of the present note is to demonstrate strict monotonicity in ordered polytomous item response models. Five models that are widely used in operational assessments are considered for proof: the generalized partial credit model (Muraki, 1992, Applied Psychological Measurement, 16, 159), the nominal model (Bock, 1972, Psychometrika, 37, 29), the partial credit model (Masters, 1982, Psychometrika, 47, 147), the rating scale model (Andrich, 1978, Psychometrika, 43, 561), and the graded response model (Samejima, 1972, A general model for free-response data (Psychometric Monograph no. 18). Psychometric Society, Richmond). The study asserts that the item response functions in these models strictly increase in θ and thus there exists strict monotonicity between τ and θ under certain specified conditions. This conclusion validates the practice of customarily using τ in place of θ in applied settings and provides theoretical grounds for one-to-one transformations between the two scales.     

注意控制与短时记忆的知觉组织

、考察了短时记忆中的知觉组织是否受双作业时指导语引导的注意策略控制。各有24名北京大学本科生参加了自由回忆和顺序回亿实验。实验任务有2种：记忆和声音监控。声音监控或者安排在记忆编码阶段,或者安排在记忆提取阶段。双作业时的指导语类型有3种,分别强调记忆、声音监控或两种作业同样重要。记忆项目表分2种：不分组和知觉分组。研究发现：自由回忆中的知觉组织仅受编码阶段的指导语影响;顺序回忆中的知觉组织仅受提取阶段的指导语影响。作者设想,短时记忆中的知觉组织在编码和提取阶段都受注意控制,但记忆类型不同,注意控制的作用地点和表现形式也有所不同。     

Mapping Residents' Perceptions of Neighborhood Boundaries: A Methodological Note

Neighborhood influences on children and youth are the subjects of increasing numbers of studies, but there is concern that these investigations may be biased, because they typically rely on census-based units as proxies for neighborhoods. This pilot study tested several methods of defining neighborhood units based on maps drawn by residents, and compared the results with census definitions of neighborhoods. When residents' maps were used to create neighborhood boundary definitions, the resulting units covered different space and produced different social indicator values than did census-defined units. Residents' agreement about their neighborhoods' boundaries differed among the neighborhoods studied. This pilot study suggests that discrepancies between researcher and resident-defined neighborhoods are a possible source of bias in studies of neighborhood effects.     

社群主义德性观

当代社群主义者在批评现代伦理理论误区的基础上论述了德性伦理,他们认为功利主义和康德主义义务论道德在相互论战中都忽视了人的德性的培育这一关键问题,因而需要复兴古典的德性,特别是亚里士多德所反复论述的德性.德性与幸福紧密相关,同时以理智和基于知识的正确选择为核心,而根本的德性是在两个极端之间取得中道,即中庸之道.公平、正义等不是绝对抽象的,它与人的理性选择和社会实践相关.这些论述对于人们认识现代社会所疏离了的德性,注意培育美德,特别是在民主制度下要求政治人物保持操守,坚守德行,防止腐败,都具有建设性的意义.当然,如何在现代多样化的社会复兴古典德性,防止停留于空幻的议论,真正实现德性践行上的进步,是社群主义者面对的一个理论难题.     

一种有神的信仰是怎样建立起来的(一)

这是一个真实的故事,也是一篇理论文章,有论有据、有血有肉,耐人寻味,引人深思,是一篇不可多得的好文章,望诸君能够跟踪本刊看完这个真实的故事。--编者     

儿童面对不同对象的欺骗表现及其相关的社会性特点

为进一步探讨儿童欺骗行为的表现及其影响因素,在研究一中,分别引入陌生的成年女性、成年男性、同龄女孩、同龄男孩等四种游戏对手,探讨159名幼儿园大班的儿童在面对不同对象的情况下外显欺骗行为是否发生变化？结果表明,被试性别、对手年龄和对手性别三因素之间交互作用显著,儿童更倾向于欺骗成年女性以及和自己性别不同的同伴。研究二采用儿童社会化量表进一步考察儿童欺骗行为和其它社会性特点的关联。结果表明隐蔽的动作欺骗和意志维度显著相关,外显的动作欺骗和好胜心维度显著相关,说谎和自我概念维度显著相关     

伙伴选择、战略设计与合资企业学习效果——广州标致与广州本田的比较研究

文章对影响合资企业学习效果的因素进行了考察,认为恰当的伙伴选择与自身战略设计分别构成影响学习效果的内外生因素.选择合作伙伴时应以对方的输出意愿与输出能力为基准,而相应合资战略则应以提升自身的学习意愿与学习能力为基础进行设计.此外,包括股权结构及组织安排在内的治理结构也是在进行战略设计时应考虑的重要内容.伙伴选择与战略设计的适配、与文化差异有关的情境因素也会影响到学习效果.在此理论基础上,文章还以广州本田与广州标致两合资企业为对象,对上述框架进行了案例讨论.     

《管子》为杂家著作考

《管子》书非管仲所著已成学界公论,但其具体著者和成书年代当前却无一致认识,同时《管子》书的学派归属问题也存在着很大争议。笔者认为,《管子》为齐国稷下部分学者集体创作而成,其成书于战国晚期。《管子》的学派归属既非"齐法家",亦不是"道家黄老",而是先秦杂家。《管子》对于中国哲学、中国封建政治文化的发展起了重要的作用,它所体现出的"和而不同"的文化观对当代文化现代化的建设具有时代的价值。