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981.
We examined whether Iranian American adolescents’ perceptions of parental support, parental knowledge, and parental psychological
control relate to general self-efficacy directly, and indirectly through positive esteem and self-deprecation. To investigate
this, self-report surveys were collected from 158 Iranian American adolescents attending Iranian American youth groups, Armenian
private school, and one public school. Results indicated that positive esteem, self-deprecation, mother and father knowledge,
and mother and father psychological control were directly related to general self-efficacy. Furthermore, the parenting variables
were indirectly related to general self-efficacy through either positive esteem or self-deprecation. 相似文献
982.
Mohammad Khodayarifard Thomas M. Brinthaupt Mark H. Anshel 《Social Psychology of Education》2010,13(3):351-365
This study examined the relationships among student academic performance and child’s and parents’ attributional styles. One
hundred seventy-nine students (87 boys and 92 girls) who were enrolled in primary public schools in New South Wales, Australia,
and their parents volunteered to participate in the study. Only English-speaking, two-parent families were included. Participants
completed age-appropriate attributional style questionnaires. Academic performance was obtained from student records of course
grades. The results indicated that both mothers’ and fathers’ attributions for their own positive and negative life events
were related to their children’s attributions for their academic performance. We present implications of these results for
research on attributions and academic performance. 相似文献
983.
Mark S. Gilzenrat Sander Nieuwenhuis Marieke Jepma Jonathan D. Cohen 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(2):252-269
An important dimension of cognitive control is the adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation (pursuing known
sources of reward) and exploration (seeking new ones) in response to changes in task utility. Recent studies have suggested
that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system may play an important role in this function and that pupil diameter can be
used to index locus coeruleus activity. On the basis of this, we reasoned that pupil diameter may correlate closely with control
state and associated changes in behavior. Specifically, we predicted that increases in baseline pupil diameter would be associated
with decreases in task utility and disengagement from the task (exploration), whereas reduced baseline diameter (but increases
in task-evoked dilations) would be associated with task engagement (exploitation). Findings in three experiments were consistent
with these predictions, suggesting that pupillometry may be useful as an index of both control state and, indirectly, locus
coeruleus function. 相似文献
984.
Ryan T. Howell Katrina S. Rodzon Mark Kurai Amy H. Sanchez 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):775-784
Internet research is appealing because it is a cost- and time-efficient way to access a large number of participants; however,
the validity of Internet research for important subjective well-being (SWB) surveys has not been adequately assessed. The
goal of the present study was to validate the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985),
the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky
& Lepper, 1999) for use on the Internet. This study compared the quality of data collected using paper-based (paper-and-pencil
version in a lab setting), computer-based (Web-based version in a lab setting), and Internet (Web-based version on a computer
of the participant’s choosing) surveys for these three measures of SWB. The paper-based and computer-based experiment recruited
two college student samples; the Internet experiments recruited a college student sample and an adult sample responding to
ads on different social-networking Web sites. This study provides support for the reliability, validity, and generalizability
of the Internet format of the SWLS, PANAS-X, and SHS. Across the three experiments, the results indicate that the computer-based
and Internet surveys had means, standard deviations, reliabilities, and factor structures that were similar to those of the
paper-based versions. The discussion examines the difficulty of higher attrition for the Internet version, the need to examine
reverse-coded items in the future, and the possibility that unhappy individuals are more likely to participate in Internet
surveys of SWB. 相似文献
985.
Andrea Bosco Giulio E. Lancioni Marta Olivetti Belardinelli Nirbhay N. Singh Mark F. O’Reilly Jeff Sigafoos 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(1):87-90
Media reports on the case of Rom Houben have constituted a new reminder of the risks of misdiagnosis with cases with apparent
vegetative state, particularly when following the clinical consensus of the care team as diagnostic criterion. Systematic
use of behavioral and non-behavioral assessment strategies (e.g., behavioral scales, event-related potentials, and neuro-imaging)
may help reduce the aforementioned risks. A new learning assessment strategy could also be considered part of the assessment
to extend the evaluation process. Signs of learning might be viewed as forms of concrete knowledge representing a basic level
of non-reflective consciousness. 相似文献
986.
The purpose of this research was to illustrate the broad usefulness of simple video-game-based virtual environments (VEs) for psychological research on real-world behavior. To this end, this research explored several high-level social phenomena in a simple, inexpensive computer-game environment: the reduced likelihood of helping under time pressure and the bystander effect, which is reduced helping in the presence of bystanders. In the first experiment, participants had to find the exit in a virtual labyrinth under either high or low time pressure. They encountered rooms with and without virtual bystanders, and in each room, a virtual person requested assistance. Participants helped significantly less frequently under time pressure but the presence/absence of a small number of bystanders did not significantly moderate helping. The second experiment increased the number of virtual bystanders, and participants were instructed to imagine that these were real people. Participants helped significantly less in rooms with large numbers of bystanders compared to rooms with no bystanders, thus demonstrating a bystander effect. These results indicate that even sophisticated high-level social behaviors can be observed and experimentally manipulated in simple VEs, thus implying the broad usefulness of this paradigm in psychological research as a good compromise between experimental control and ecological validity. 相似文献
987.
Mark L. Farrugia 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2015,10(3):380
While it is known that the problem of death is a central topic animating the author/s of the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi, leading Chinese and Western interpretations of this Chinese classic have usually focused much more on other themes and aspects. Even more problematic in the author’s view is the fact that the Zhuangzi has been closely associated with one death philosophy, the set of concepts, arguments and figures present in chapter 6. This study puts death back at the very center of the Zhuangzian philosophical project yet insisting at the same time on the difficulties of defending one philosophy of death since different passages introduce new concepts, imagery, nuances and perspectives. The Zhuangzi’s focus on death is being situated within a discussion of the “immortality” ideal––accepting a total death (“to die”) or find refuge in immortality ideals (“not to die”). Different passages from the Inner Chapters are being presented as proposing three distinct immortality projects or strategies––personal, social and cosmic––to address the problem of death. E. Becker’s reflections on the challenge of mortality and the psychological need of a “beyond” in order to cope with the consciousness of death provide the basic theoretical framework underlying the discussion of the Zhuangzi in this essay. 相似文献
988.
Bouton ME Frohardt RJ Sunsay C Waddell J Morris RW 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(2):223-236
Four experiments with rats studied the effects of switching the context after Pavlovian conditioning. In three conditioned suppression experiments, a large number of conditioning trials created "inhibition with reinforcement" (IWR), in which fear of the conditional stimulus (CS) reached a maximum and then declined despite continued CS-unconditional stimulus pairings. When IWR occurred, a context switch augmented fear of the CS; IWR and augmentation were highly correlated. Neither IWR nor augmentation resulted from inhibition of delay (IOD): In conditioned suppression, IWR and augmentation occurred without IOD (Experiment 3), and in appetitive conditioning (Experiment 4), IOD occurred without IWR or augmentation. IWR may occur in conditioned suppression because the animal adapts to fear of the CS in a context-specific manner. The authors discuss several implications. 相似文献
989.
990.
Pettit L Charles J Wilson AD Plumb MS Brockman A Williams JH Mon-Williams M 《Human movement science》2008,27(2):286-295
The effect of advance ('precue') information on short aiming movements was explored in adults, high school children, and primary school children with and without developmental coordination disorder (n=10, 14, 16, 10, respectively). Reaction times in the DCD group were longer than in the other groups and were more influenced by the extent to which the precue constrained the possible action space. In contrast, reaction time did not alter as a function of precue condition in adults. Children with DCD showed greater inaccuracy of response (despite the increased RT). We suggest that the different precue effects reflect differences in the relative benefits of priming an action prior to definitive information about the movement goal. The benefits are an interacting function of the task and the skill level of the individual. Our experiment shows that children with DCD gain a benefit from advance preparation in simple aiming movements, highlighting their low skill levels. This result suggests that goal-directed RTs may have diagnostic potential within the clinic. 相似文献