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51.
Theory-of-mind (ToM) involves modeling an individual's mental states to plan one's action and to anticipate others' actions through recursive reasoning that may be myopic (with limited recursion) or predictive (with full recursion). ToM recursion was examined using a series of two-player, sequential-move matrix games with a maximum of three steps. Participants were assigned the role of Player I, controlling the initial and the last step, or of Player II, controlling the second step. Appropriate for the assigned role, participants either anticipated or planned Player II's strategy at the second step, and then determined Player I's optimal strategy at the first step. Participants more readily used predictive reasoning as Player II (i.e., planning one's own move) than as Player I (i.e., anticipating an opponent's move), although they did not differ when translating reasoning outcome about the second step to optimal action in the first step. Perspective-taking influenced likelihood of predictive reasoning, but it did not affect the rate at which participants acquired it during the experimental block. We conclude that the depth of ToM recursion (related to perspective-taking mechanisms) and rational application of belief-desire to action (instrumental rationality) constitute separate cognitive processes in ToM reasoning. 相似文献
52.
The present study examines implicit phonetic symbolism which posits that arbitrary linguistic sound is related to certain aspects of characteristics of other modalities, such as color, touch, or emotion. In consonant discrimination and lightness discrimination using Garner's speeded classification paradigm, spoken sounds (voiced/voiceless consonants) and lightness of visual stimuli (black/white squares) were systematically varied to assess cross-modal interactions. Congruent audio-visual pairs (voiced consonants and black, and between voiceless consonants and white) facilitated consonant discrimination. In lightness discrimination, no congruent facilitation or congruence effect was observed. These results indicated that cross-modal interactions in implicit phonetic symbolism can be found in correlations between linguistic spoken sounds and visual lightness. 相似文献
53.
流行病学数据的更新表明阿尔茨海默病(A D )已成为全球健康问题。早期应用生物标志物的AD新诊断标准广泛应用和临床试验不断失败的鲜明反差提示AD治疗的艰巨性。AD和其他慢性疾病的共病研究不断深入。生活方式干预作为非药物治疗备受重视。 相似文献
54.
Personality is hypothesized to have direct and indirect effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) through the mediating role of perceived occupational stressors. This hypothesized model was tested with Chinese judges, individuals characterized by high occupational stress. In this cross-sectional study, 330 judges undergoing professional training at the Shandong Judge Training Institute completed questionnaires assessing their personality (Big Five Inventory, BFI), perceived occupational stressors (Occupational Role Questionnaire, ORQ), and HRQoL (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey, SF-36). The proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) approaches. The SEM analysis showed a good fit of the data to the hypothesized model(x 2/df = 1.52, P?0.001, RMSEA = 0.04, GFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.89). The model explained 60 % of the variance in HRQoL. A strong negative direct effect of neuroticism on HRQoL (?0.50, P?0.01) was observed. Neuroticism also had a negative indirect effect (?0.18, P?0.01) on HRQoL by positively influencing (β?=?0.47, P?0.01) perceived occupational stressors which had significantly negative direct effects (β?=??0.39, P?0.01) on HRQoL. However, both the direct effects of openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion on HRQoL and their indirect effects mediated by perceived occupational stressor were not significant. In conclusion, our hypotheses were partly supported by the data. We found that neuroticism had both direct effect on HRQoL and an indirect effect through the mediating role of perceived occupational stressors which also had a significant effect on HRQoL, whereas neither the direct nor the indirect effects of openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion on HRQoL of Chinese judges had been found in current study. 相似文献
55.
In the aftermath of several school shooting incidents in recent years, students’ perceptions of unsafe schools has been a
major concern for parents, teachers, school officials, school practitioners, and policy-makers. Using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological
systems framework, we examined the micro-, meso-, and exosystem level factors associated with perceptions of unsafe school
environments in a nationally representative sample of 10- to 15-year-old youth in the United States. We found that for the
socio-demographic characteristics, students who were older, male, and poor had increased risks of perceiving higher levels
of unsafe school environments. Within the microsystem of the family, our results indicate that parent-youth discussions of
school activities/events decreased the risk of students perceiving unsafe schools. All of the school environment variables—ease
of making friends, teachers’ involvement, observed weapon carrying, and school rule enforcement—were related in the expected
direction to students’ perceiving their schools as unsafe. At the mesosystem level, findings from our study demonstrate that
variables measuring parental school involvement were unrelated to perceptions of school safety. Finally, at the exosystem
level, we found that students’ perceptions of residing in a safer neighborhood and residence in a non-central city metropolitan
area, compared with a central city, decreased the odds of perceiving school environments as unsafe. School policy and practice
implications are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Yin Dake Yu Jiangping Jin Jiangping Shen Chao Zhang Li Li Xudong Zhang Keqin Wang Haitao 《Animal cognition》2023,26(4):1423-1430
Animal Cognition - Birds have the ability to assess the risk of predation in their environment and adjust their antipredation strategies based on this risk information. However, whether nest site... 相似文献
57.
58.
艺术治疗的概念、发展及教育 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
综述了国内外近10年来关于艺术治疗的文献资料,回顾了艺术治疗的概念、学科范围界定、应用、发展,比较了中西方艺术文化差异,同时对于艺术治疗与健康和疾病的关系,及其机理等进行了探讨.也对国外艺术治疗在高等院校中的课程设置、讲解内容等进行了阐述.根据作者多年的研究和教育实践,试图探索出中国艺术治疗学科体系的构建框架. 相似文献
59.
Yin‐Hui Cheng Molly C.‐J. Huang Shih‐Chieh Chuang Ying Rung Ju 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(5):345-353
We conducted three studies to investigate indulgent choice in settings with and without impression management by public–private manipulation with evaluation. Study 1 showed that the participants were less indulgent under public scrutiny due to the employment of impression management. Study 2 focused on the impression management context to test the moderate effect of self‐consciousness in two impression managed contexts. Study 3 focused on context without impression management to test the moderate effects of self‐awareness on choices. We found that depending on differences in primed personality, individuals tended to make choices other than those they favoured privately when anticipating that others might form impressions of them based on the decisions made. The findings of all three studies support our basic prediction that people are less indulgent under impression management and suggest that people tend to manage their impression by eating healthier (less indulgently) in public. 相似文献
60.
为全面了解全国高等院校医学人文教育现状,采取问卷调查的方式对来自全国48所高等院校的18 326名在校学生进行调查。调查得出学生对本校医学人文课程设置、自身学习效果和校园医学人文氛围整体状况较为满意。但也存在课程内容不全面、教学方法单一、缺少实践教学平台等问题。由此得出结论:高等院校医学人文教育的任务需要明确,医学人文课程体系需要完善,医学人文课程教学方式需要优化,医学人文教育评价需要多元化,医学人文教师队伍需要强化,医学人文教育平台需要巩固拓展。
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