The effect of observer's set on the processing of temporally distributed items1,2

Abstract: Perception of the second of two rapidly presented targets is impaired when the temporal lag between them is short (attentional blink, AB). Previous studies showed two types of AB functions. One is that the performance for the second target has been found to be most impaired at the shortest lag (Lag 1), that is, when the second target appeared directly after the ?rst target. The other is that the performance was not impaired at Lag 1 (Lag 1 sparing). The present study examined whether the task set of observers determines the occurrence of Lag 1 sparing. The experiment revealed that Lag 1 sparing occurred only when the observers were informed of the relationships of target locations. The present results extend the explanation of Lag 1 sparing by attentional gating ( Visser, Zuvic, Bischof, & Di Lollo, 1999 b) and suggest that this gating system is not stimulus‐driven but subject to goal‐directed control.     

Choosing words at the study phase: The self‐choice effect on memory from the viewpoint of connective processing1

Abstract: The self‐choice effect, that is the superior memory performance observed when participants are allowed to choose the item at the study phase than when they are not (lack of choice), has been explained by the encoding‐strategy hypothesis ( Takahashi, 1997 ). This hypothesis distinguishes between organizational processing, which focuses upon the relationship between chosen items, and item‐speci?c processing, which itself focuses on the elements that make the chosen item distinctive. The encoding‐strategy hypothesis predicts that the ability for the successive recall of chosen items can be affected by organized list (Experiment 1). The results of our experiments ran counter to the prediction and were interpreted by a new concept called connective processing, which would emphasize the relationship of paired items. Connective processing was examined through orienting tasks (Experiment 2). The results were more suitably interpreted by connective than organizational processing.     

Mere presence of distractors: Another determining factor for the attentional blink1

Abstract: When two visual targets are presented in rapid succession, perception of the second target is deteriorated if the temporal lag between the two targets is short (0–300 ms). This ‘attentional blink’ (AB) phenomenon has been believed to occur only when the second target is followed by a backward mask or when there is a task switching between two targets. The present study revealed another determining factor for the occurrence of the AB, the presence or absence of a distractor stream. Five experiments examined the effect of possible confounding factors in the extant literature and suggested that the mere presence of a distractor stream affects the processing of targets even when the observers tried to ignore them, resulting in a processing delay. This effect is discussed in a model of AB deficit in terms of decay of the second target's representation.     

Planning over the day span: memory for the content of plans

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the time of day on memory for the content of plans, and to examine the influence of knowledge of daily activities on it. Twenty‐four undergraduates participated as subjects in the experiment. Participants were told to memorize 24 plans of one day (e.g. ‘13:00’, ‘making a telephone call’), and were then asked to recall them in the test phase. Furthermore, we tried to explore their knowledge of everyday activities using a questionnaire. The result showed that plans of night, morning, and evening were recalled better than that of afternoon. This result was explained by the notion that knowledge of one's personal daily activities might affect memory of plans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏族大学生自我意识与价值观初探

通过对411名藏族大学生的自我意识结构,价值观类型进行问卷调查 ,结果显示藏族大学生有较强的自尊心和独立意识,表现出较好的自我接纳,具有积极的价值观倾向;文、理科不同的教育内容、教育方法对藏族大学生自我意识和价值观的形成产生不同的影响;男女大学生自我意识的发展存在性别差异。     

Gaze following among toddlers

Children's cooperative activities with their peers become markedly coordinated during the 3rd year of life. During these activities, the child needs to follow his/her peers’ gaze to objects, and look at the same objects to initiate coordinated action. Since 3-year-olds’ ability to follow their peers’ gaze has not been studied, we experimentally investigated this in our study. In the experimental trials, an experimenter induced a child (looker) to look at a doll on display, and observed the reaction of another child (follower) who was in front of the looker (and not looking at the doll). In the control trials, the experimenter displayed the doll in an identical manner when the follower was alone. The followers followed the gaze of the lookers, looking at the doll in approximately 90% of the experimental trials, compared with 20% of the control trials. These results indicate that 3-year-olds can follow their peers’ gaze.     

感知价值、满意度与继续使用意向—基于3G用户的实证研究

本文考察感知价值、满意度对继续使用意向的作用机理。基于相关理论与实证研究,我们首先提出3G用户继续使用意向概念模型与研究假设,然后通过实证研究对假设进行检验。研究结果表明感知价值和满意度决定继续使用意向。满意度是继续使用意向最强的预测因子。感知有用性和感知使用成本既直接作用于继续使用意向,也通过满意度间接作用于继续使用意向。感知易用性和感知形象提升直接作用于继续使用意向,而不需要通过满意度的中介作用。     

Validation of a Japanese Version of the Work Engagement Scale for Students

We sought to verify the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES‐S‐J). We examined 824 university students. We calculated the goodness of fit for a single‐factor model and the three‐factor model. The fit to the data was better for the three‐factor than for the single‐factor model, but all factors were highly positively correlated. Additionally, the UWES‐S‐J had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. For the content validity, there were significant positive correlations between the UWES‐S‐J score and social support, a resilience scale, and subjective happiness. The UWES‐S‐J has good reliability and validity and may therefore be used to assess study engagement among Japanese students.     

不同词长中文句子阅读知觉广度的年老化:眼动证据

采用移动窗口范式分别探测单字词句、双字词句和混合句子阅读知觉广度的年老化模式。单字词句是完全由单字词组成的句子,双字词句是完全由双字词组成的句子,混合句的所有词由1~4个汉字组成,这些词汇的平均词长为1.5个字。结果发现：（1）老年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度范围均是从注视字至其右侧2个汉字;（2）青年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个汉字到右侧3个汉字空间。由此可见,年老化促使中文读者的阅读知觉广度变小,变得更加不对称;且句子构成词汇的词长并不调节中文阅读知觉广度的年老化。     

运动损伤问题的心理学研究述评

体育运动中损伤的发生率日益增高,从心理学的角度研究运动损伤的发生和康复,具有重要的理论和实践价值。对近年来心理学研究运动损伤的理论模型、运动损伤变量的操作定义以及研究影响运动损伤发生和恢复的心理因素的视角进行了分析和讨论,从中揭示出现有的运动损伤理论模型存在的不足、不同运动损伤变量指标操作定义的优缺点以及用发展的观点看待影响运动损伤发生和恢复的心理因素的观点;并在此基础上,展望了未来运动损伤的心理学研究