垂体微腺瘤的诊断和治疗决策

垂体微腺瘤在正常人群中发病率较高,诊断主要依赖于其临床表现,内分泌学改变及放射学检查;治疗因人而异,其方法取决于其内分泌的异常情况及得到的医疗条件。科学的运用医学哲学思维,有助于减少漏诊和误诊,提高治愈率。     

培养一流医学本科生是医科大学立校之本

尽管医学本科生在毕业时都已接受了必要的本科教育,但许多毕业生仍然无法适应这个快速进步变化的社会,在短时间内成为社会需要的医疗人才。我们必须承认,医学本科教育中尚有许多亟待解决的问题。以亲身体验,较全面地分析了中国大陆与港台及国外大学的差异,对医学本科教育改革提出了几点拙见。     

自由基在癫痫发生及其治疗中的研究现状与进展

癫痫是一组包括许多不同症状的综合征,其主要特征是对反复出现的无明显诱因的发作的易感性.无论动物实验还是临床观察均表明癫痫时伴有活跃的自由基反应,自由基与癫痫的发生发展有着密切的联系.清除自由基,阻断自由基反应无疑为癫痫的治疗开辟了新的途径.本文就自由基在癫痫发生及其治疗中的研究现状与进展作一概述.目前应用自由基清除剂治疗癫痫尚处于临床试验阶段,但我们可以预见,进一步探索癫痫发生的自由基病理机制,开发有效清除自由基的药物具有广阔的前景,并将为人类最终战胜癫痫提供有力的帮助.     

抑郁症认知治疗理论及实践进展

认知治疗分化为认知行为与认知分析治疗两个流派.抑郁的贝克认知模型、归因模型、自我价值关联模型以及抑郁的注意过程等认知理论为认知治疗奠定了基础.认知行为治疗、认知行为分析系统心理治疗以及基于冥想的认知治疗等已经在实践中被较有力的临床证据检验.认知治疗在抑郁症的治疗中已显示出广泛的应用前景.     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.     

反事实思维两大理论：范例说和目标－指向说

反事实思维是个体对不真实的条件或可能性进行替换的一种思维过程。该文通过综合国外许多研究者的研究成果,探讨了反事实思维的定义、分类以及反事实思维的两大理论：范例说和目标－指向说。范例说认为反事实思维的激发是自动化过程,影响反事实思维产生的因素包括：正常性、结果的效价、与替代结果的接近性、前提的突变性和前提的突出性。目标－指向说则认为反事实思维的激发过程同样受目标、情绪控制、态度等认知因素的影响     

工科院校大学生自我和谐感与人际交往能力的关系研究

采用自我和谐量表(SCCS)和自编的大学生人际交往能力量表,研究工科院校大学生自我和谐的状况、人际交往状况以及两者的相关。发现人际交往能力的整体状况对自我和谐状况有一定的预测作用,大学生文理科差异会导致其自我和谐状况出现差异,且不良的人际交往能力会引发自我的不和谐。     

他心问题的社会认知神经科学研究进路

作为当代心智哲学九大问题之一的他心问题,肇始于Descartes主义对心身关系的认识。问的是:我们能否知道以及怎么知道他人有心,亦即有思想、经验和情感等?对于他心问题的解决方案,20世纪90年代以来,随着现当代科学技术(尤其是神经生物学、认知神经科学和大脑测试技术等)的深入发展,哲学家与心理学家的知识联姻和交叉合作研究,提供了关于他心问题的若干重要成果和实证资料。他心问题不再成为"理论的死角"。当代社会认知神经科学的出现(social cognitive neuroscience,SCN,2000),在科学方法论上更加关注对社会性心智现象的神经机制考量,一系列研究成果都为揭示他心问题提供了科学旁证。这不仅说明了认识他心的可能性,而且表明了通向认识他心方式的多样性,物理学的方法并不是与他心相隔绝。本文尝试从社会认知神经科学的最新研究进展:镜像神经元系统,他知与自知、他心知觉和再认的社会标记、他心社会判断和归因入手来论证他心问题的可释性,为他心问题的论证提供一条多学科交叉研究的新进路。     

基于经验的计算机作曲方法的研究与实现

介绍与归纳了现有多种作曲算法的不同特点及适用范围。结合多位音乐创作者作曲经验,提出了基于经验的作曲算法,针对不同的思维阶段提出了不同的实现方法,详细介绍了创作初期灵感的形式化表现和以及实现方式。     

Decision-making deficit of a patient with axonal damage after traumatic brain injury

Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were reported to have difficulty making advantageous decisions, but the underlying deficits of the network of brain areas involved in this process were not directly examined. We report a patient with TBI who demonstrated problematic behavior in situations of risk and complexity after cerebral injury from a traffic accident. The Iowa gambling task (IGT) was used to reveal his deficits in the decision-making process. To examine underlying deficits of the network of brain areas, we examined T1-weighted structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Tc-ECD SPECT in this patient. The patient showed abnormality in IGT. DTI-MRI results showed a significant decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the fasciculus between the brain stem and cortical regions via the thalamus. He showed significant decrease in gray matter volumes in the bilateral insular cortex, hypothalamus, and posterior cingulate cortex, possibly reflecting Wallerian degeneration secondary to the fasciculus abnormalities. SPECT showed significant blood flow decrease in the broad cortical areas including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VM). Our study showed that the patient had dysfunctional decision-making process. Microstructural abnormality in the fasciculus, likely from the traffic accident, caused reduced afferent feedback to the brain, resulting in less efficient decision-making. Our findings support the somatic-marker hypothesis (SMH), where somatic feedback to the brain influences the decision-making process.