Multiple Science Text Processing: Building Comprehension Skills for College Student Readers

The goal of this investigation was to determine which reading instruction improves multiple science text comprehension for college student readers. The authors first identified the cognitive processing strategies that are predictive of multiple science text comprehension (Study 1) and then used what they learned to experimentally test the effectiveness of explicit pre-reading instructions (Study 2). Study 1 showed that self-explaining was positively related to comprehension tasks. Study 2 showed that explicitly instructing participants to self-explain while reading multiple science texts enhanced comprehension test performance. These results showed that self-explanation during reading is a successful strategy for enhancing multiple science text comprehension.     

古代基督教禁欲主义的诸种二元论根源

古代基督教禁欲主义的形成,根本在于灵魂与肉体和精神与物质的二元论的思想.促成古代基督教禁欲主义兴起的二元论思想,主要有三个来源:首先是宗教自身的先天性二元论因素,即神圣与世俗的二元区隔;再则是东方宗教,尤其是中亚宗教的二元论思想;最后是犹太教传递给基督教的弥赛亚主义中包含的二元论思想.