The temporal structure of spoken sentence comprehension in Chinese

Three experiments with 60 native Chinese speakers were conducted to examine the temporal structure of spoken sentence comprehension in Chinese. In the two sentence-gating experiments, listeners heard sentence fragments of various sizes, either successively or individually, and decided on the agent role of the sentence. In the agent-naming experiment, listeners repeated aloud the sentence agent upon hearing the sentence. Converging evidence was derived from these experiments indicating the usefulness of sentence gating in tapping into the temporal structure of comprehension and in evaluating listeners’ comprehension on the basis of partial information. Results from these experiments show that partial sentence information plays a very important role in Chinese sentence comprehension, and that Chinese listeners integrate incomplete and ungrammatical sentence fragments by reference to complete and grammatical models in the language. It is argued that these processing characteristics reflect properties of the Chinese language in which few morphological, grammatical, and syntactic constraints are placed on the relationships between sentence constituents.     

父母低头行为对儿童青少年心理发展的影响

父母低头行为是指父母照顾或与孩子交流时,过分关注与使用手机而忽视孩子的行为。梳理相关研究发现,父母低头行为会对孩子产生多种不良影响,如,降低亲子关系交流质量、增加意外伤害风险、损伤人际交往能力、导致问题行为增多。现有研究采用取代假说、多任务操作理论以及依恋理论对影响过程进行解释。未来研究的关键在于邻近概念的区分、测量方式和研究方法的改进、探讨儿童对父母手机使用行为的看法以及移动设备对亲子互动可能的积极影响。     

快速眼动相(REM)睡眠剥夺对大鼠记忆巩固的影响

本实验应用小站台水环境技术剥夺大鼠快速眼动相(REM)睡眠,比较了在学习后不同时间剥夺REM睡眠对记忆巩固的影响异同,结果证明:大鼠在学习后,立即剥夺REM睡眠24小时对记忆巩固明显不利;如在立即剥夺REM睡眠24小时后再让其恢复自由睡眠24小时,记忆成绩无明显改善;学习后允许自由睡眠24小时对记忆巩固明显有利;如在自由睡眠24小时后再行REM睡眠剥夺24小时,记忆成绩仍保持良好。说明学习后一段时间自由睡眠对于记忆的巩固是重要的,剥夺REM睡眠对于记忆的巩固明显不利。     

5—13岁儿童空间认知发展的研究——判别相等面积的再探

本实验是《5—11岁儿童两种空间关系认知发展的实验研究》的继续,但将内部被占面积改为圆形。结果表明:儿童判别面积从直觉判断发展到推理判断之间经历一种过渡形态。表现为,在同一判别中直觉和推理活动交错;能将被占面积各部分整合成整体,但对剩余面积部分的判别受直觉因素束缚;理解等量减等量所余相等原理,但不能用来解决面临的课题等四种形式。完成这种过渡需要解决三个相互联系的问题。也再次证明儿童判别面积这种空间认知发展,在一定年龄范围存在着阶段性特点,同时儿童这种认知能力的显露程度又以课题条件难易为转移。     

The discrimination learning of the liquids /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers

The discrimination learning of the /r/ and /l/ sounds in a single 1-h session by Japanese college students who had received little or no English conversation training was examined. About half of the subjects exhibited significant improvement after this brief amount of training. A three-state Markov model with the unconditioned, intermediate, and conditioned states was applied as a first approximation of the learning of the liquid pairs, learning which is characterized as two-stage all-or-none conditioning. Also found in the study was a significant correlation between the ability to perceive the liquids and the ability to read English as assessed by a cloze procedure. This correlation is interreted in light of general theory on phoneme awareness.     

4-6岁儿童认知发展过程中直接认知成分与间接认知成分相互关系的研究

本实验是分析学前儿童认知过程中三种不同的条件(实物、照片、语言指示)对儿童计数、操作和比较活动的影响,探讨认知的各直接成分和各间接成分的关系在儿童认知发展中的作用;并了解3—6岁儿童在三种认知活动中的特点。     

豚尾猴(Macaca nemestrina)等灵长类动物反转学习的比较研究

不同种类猿猴脑高级机能的比较生理心理研究的资料很少,并且意见不完全一致。和(1997)曾报道黑猩猩较阿拉伯狒有较大的推断能力。Shell和Riopelle(1958)报道阔鼻猴蜘蛛猴(Ateles geoffroyi),卷尾猴(Cebus albifrons)     

睡眠剥夺时大鼠电休克阈值的变化

我们在研究睡眠剥夺影响大鼠记忆巩固的实验中,观察到睡眠剥夺引起大鼠条件反射的反应时(R T_(CR))明显缩短。我们认为,这可能反映了动物在睡眠剥夺后脑的兴奋性有所升高,本实验用电休克阈值作指标验证这一看法。     

试论孟子与士人精神

作为中国“轴心时代”的重要思想家,孟子希望以道德化政治,实现天下有道。他提出士人修养的“浩然之气”,在士人与君主的关系上主张“道高于君”,而对于广大普通民众则倡导“使先知觉后知,使先觉觉后觉”。在此基础上,孟子推出了四种士人典范。而在孟子这些思想中,一以贯之的乃是对德性的张扬,在“尊德性”与“道问学”之间,他明显偏重于前者,这是孟子关于士人精神的特色所在。在孟子的精神世界里,我们可以看到的更多的是一种道德信仰和勇气。正是从这个意义上讲,孟子是一位信仰道德的“宗教家”,而不是一位代表智性的“学问家”。     

《管子》与《蜜蜂的寓言》消费观之比较

在人类消费文化发展史上,有两本书的消费观点格外引人注目。分别是成书于我国先秦时期的《管子》和西方18世纪荷兰经济学家曼得维尔的《蜜蜂的预言》。撇开时间和空间的诸多差异,两书的消费思想竟有惊人的相似之处：它们都在一片尚俭声中主张适度消费,发挥消费对社会生产的积极作用;反对过度节俭,认为奢靡能增加社会财富、提供就业机会;两书虽是它们所处时代论述消费问题的开天辟地之作,却并未受重视,反而对后人产生了深远影响。