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161.
Shapes on the surface of a perspective picture may be misperceived. Subjects picked a match for an ellipse depicting the circular top of a cylinder. The top was depicted as tilted forward from 5 degrees to 85 degrees, generating a series of ellipses on the picture surface. The matches were biased towards a circle over a wide range of midrange tilts, which suggests that, influenced by features of perspective, they were seen as in-between the shape on the surface and the shape they depicted. 相似文献
162.
Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: psychological distance and decision making 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Four experiments showed that the decisions people make for future selves and other people are similar to each other and different from their decisions for present selves. Experiments involved decisions to drink a disgusting liquid for scientific purposes (Experiment 1), tutor peers during exam week (Experiment 2), receive e-mails for charity (Experiment 3), and defer a lottery prize for a larger one (Experiment 4). These findings seemed to be at least partially rooted in the tendency for decisions regarding the ongoing, present self to be uniquely influenced by internal subjective experience. Specifically, these effects emerged for real, but not hypothetical, decisions. Also, they were mitigated by manipulations that altered participants' attention to present or future subjective experience. In addition, when participants' subjective experience primarily involved empathy for others (Experiment 3), their decisions on behalf of present selves were more generous than their decisions for future selves and others. Applications are discussed. 相似文献
163.
Kent D. Harber Lee Jussim Kathleen A. Kennedy Robin Freyberg Lisa Baum 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(6):1463-1505
This research introduces the Social Support Opinion Survey (SSOS), the first measure of social support from the provider's perspective. Studies 1–3 developed the SSOS and confirmed that support opinions can be reliably characterized as directive (attempting to govern how others cope) and nondirective (facilitating without governing how others cope). Studies 4–6 showed that social support opinions relate to more basic cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal styles. Directive opinions were related to cognitive rigidity (need for structure, need for certainty, and just‐world beliefs) and to an exchange orientation. Nondirective opinions, in contrast, were related to emotional differentiation, use of emotions as information, empathy, and a communal orientation. Thus, people may reveal who they are by how they help. 相似文献
164.
Richard A. Young Sheila Marshall Juliette Arato-Bolivar Emily Marshall Ladislav Valach 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2006,68(1):1-23
Parent-adolescent joint actions that address the adolescent’s future were examined for their connection to the parent-adolescent relationship and communication goals and the steps taken to reach those goals. Nineteen parent-adolescent dyads, from families with and without family challenges such as chronic illness, unemployment, or divorce, identified a joint project that represented of goal-directed actions undertaken by the parents and adolescent together. Each dyad’s project was followed for a six-month period and data analyzed using the action-project method. Three groups of projects pertinent to career, the parent-adolescent relationship and communication emerged from the data: projects that were wholly concerned with the parent-adolescent relationship, projects that shifted from career development goals and actions to explicit relationship goals and actions, and projects in which parent-adolescent communication was used as a means to facilitate career and other developmental goals. The family challenges were evident in the construction of these projects as goals, ways to steer the projects, or reflected in the meaning attached to them. 相似文献
165.
Christine Borzumato‐Gainey Alison Kennedy Beth McCabe Suzanne Degges‐White 《Adultspan: Theory Research & Practice》2009,8(1):29-42
A study of 320 women, ages 21 to 69, explored the relations among relationship status, subjective age, self‐esteem, and life satisfaction. Women in married or partnered relationships had higher levels of life satisfaction than did single women. Women in their 30s and 40s had significantly lower levels of life satisfaction than did other age groups. 相似文献
166.
167.
Martha R. Herbert David A. Ziegler Nikos Makris Anna Bakardjiev James Hodgson Kristen T. Adrien David N. Kennedy Pauline A. Filipek Verne S. Caviness Jr. 《Developmental science》2003,6(4):F11-F22
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is predominantly a language disorder, but children with DLD also manifest non-language impairments, and neuroanatomical abnormalities have been found in multiple areas of the brain, not all language-associated. We therefore performed a whole brain general segmentation analysis of all major brain regions on MRI scans of 24 DLD subjects (16M, 8F) and 30 controls (15M, 15F), ages 5.7 to 11.3 years. Children with DLD showed increased total brain volume, driven predominantly by a substantial increase in the volume of cerebral white matter. Cerebral cortex and caudate were relatively but not absolutely smaller in DLD. These findings are discussed in relation to issues of specificity vs. generality as they arise in debates about (1) modular vs. general processing deficits and connectionist modeling in DLD, (2) language-specific vs. pervasive, non-specific deficits in DLD and (3) specificity of the disorder vs. overlap with other disorders, notably autism. 相似文献
168.
Why might we sometimes prefer a metaphor such as “genes are blueprints” to a simile such as “genes are like blueprints”? One possibility is that metaphors are preferred when the comparison between a tenor (e.g., genes) and a vehicle (e.g., blueprints) seems especially apt. That is, metaphors might be used when the comparison captures many salient features of the tenor in question. The present experiments examined the relation between the aptness of comparisons and people’s preferences for expressing those comparisons as metaphors or as similes. In Experiment 1, it was found that there is consensus on how to express particular comparisons. In Experiment 2, it was found that this preference can be predicted from the aptness of a comparison. It was also found that aptness can predict errors in the recall of comparisons. These findings have implications for theories of metaphor. 相似文献
169.
170.
We develop and discuss four criteria for evaluating the appropriateness of units of analysis for task-analytic research and suggest potential alternatives to the units of analysis currently used. Of the six solutions discussed, the most commonly used unit of analysis in current behavior analytic work, percentage correct, meets only one of the four criteria. Five alternative units of analysis are presented and evaluated: (a) percentage of opportunities to perform meeting criterion, (b) trials to criteria, (c) cumulative competent performances, (d) percentage correct with competent performance coded, and (e) percentage correct with competent performance coded and a grid showing performance on individual steps of the task analysis. Of the solutions evaluated, only one—percentage correct with competent performance coded and a task analysis grid—met all four criteria. 相似文献