Acculturative Stress of Hispanics: Loss and Challenge

This article defines acculturative stress, addressing loss of social support, self-esteem, and identity. Six distinctive differences between immigrants who are White, Protestant, and northern or western European and immigrants who are Hispanic are outlined. Suggestions are given for counseling practice that consider these differences.     

The Training and Supervisory Needs of Racial and Ethnic Minority Students

Despite the increasing attention given to issues of multicultural training in counseling programs, there is a dearth of information available on the unique training needs of racial and ethnic minority trainees. The authors review the sparse literature relevant to the training needs of ethnic minority students, offer examples of training and supervisory issues, and make recommendations for future research and training.     

The Academic Interests of College Women: A Factorial Study

The extent to which college programs meet the needs and goals of women students has not been established. In this study, a sample of students and alumnae of the College of Home Economics, Iowa State University, responded to a set of attitude scales concerning their reactions to courses in their core curriculum. Factor analysis of the person-course interactions revealed 6 factors which were tentatively defined in terms of the courses loading most heavily on each. Implications for improved educational planning of women are discussed.     

A cricket-song simulator using the 68705 single-chip microcomputer

A cricket-song simulator is described. The device uses a waveform generator to produce a song carrier frequency that is modulated by the 68705 microcomputer. Sixteen different songs can be stored in memory.     

Disruption of noradrenergic, but not serotonergic or opiate, functioning blocks both cardiac and behavioral components of the orienting response in preweanling rats

Previous work in this laboratory established that selective attention, as measured by the behavioral and autonomic expressions of the orienting response (OR), is not disrupted by either dopaminergic or cholinergic receptor blockade. The present experiments extended this pharmacological analysis of the OR. In Experiment 1, preweanling rats were injected with methysergide maleate, a serotonin receptor blocker. Neither the behavioral nor the heart rate (HR) component of the OR was attenuated. In Experiment 2, the opiate receptor blocker naltrexone also failed to inhibit the HR and behavioral expressions of the OR. alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade with WB-4101 in Experiment 3 abolished both the HR and behavioral ORs to the pulsating tone. In Experiment 4, clonidine, which inhibits release of norepinephrine by stimulating alpha-2 autoreceptors, attenuated both behavioral and HR ORs to the pulsating tone in a dose-dependent manner. These data, in combination with the prior findings, suggest that norepinephrine is critically involved in the central process underlying the OR in the rat. Dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and opiate receptor blockades do not impair selective attention as indexed by HR and behavioral ORs to an auditory stimulus. In contrast, disruption of noradrenergic functioning via either alpha-1 receptor blockade or alpha-2 receptor stimulation disrupts both the HR and behavioral components of the OR. These results indicate that integrity of central noradrenergic functioning is essential for expression of the OR and for stimulus-directed attention.     

Deafness and immediate memory for pictures: dissociations between "inner speech" and the "inner ear"?

Born-deaf, orally trained youngsters were examined on two tasks of immediate memory for pictures of objects. The aim was to investigate the extent of speech coding for pictures in immediate memory in a developmental context. The deaf, unlike young hearing children, did not use picture-name rhyme spontaneously as a cue to recall in a paired association task. Nevertheless, they were just as sensitive as reading age-matched hearing controls to spoken word length in recalling pictures by name. This might mean that the deaf use articulatory rehearsal in some immediate memory tasks, but this leads to a paradoxical conclusion. What could "inner speech" in the deaf be for, if it fails to affect their "inner ear" by inducing rhyme sensitivity in the paired associate task? This paradox is discussed in relation to distinctions between covert and overt use of memory cues in the paired recall task and to possible sources of the word length effect in young hearing (8-9 years old) and deaf subjects.     

Why do pictures produce priming on the word-fragment completion test? A study of encoding and retrieval factors

Three experiments examined why pictures produce priming on the word-fragment completion test, despite the fact that there is no match between the physical features of the picture and the word fragment. Pictures and words were presented as primes, and performance on the word-fragment completion test was measured; encoding and retrieval conditions were varied. Experi-ments 1 and 2 examined the role of picture labeling by increasing the presentation rate and by introducing a shadowing task during encoding; labeling appears to play a role in priming. In Experiment 3, the word fragments were presented for 500 msec, and subjects were required to provide a solution immediately. Word priming was unaffected, but picture priming was elimi-nated, suggesting that word fragments enable efficient recovery of perceptually similar primes (i.e., words), but slower and less direct recovery of conceptually similar but physically dissimilar     

PET AS PART OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PROCESSES INVOLVED IN READING

Abstract— Positron emission tomography (PET) is a recently developed technology that can be used to create images of brain blood flow, which is related to brain activity. By acquiring images of brain blood flow during different task conditions, investigators can isolate activity changes related to specific types of information processing. Several examples demonstrate how regions involved in reading can be identified, and how the results are most interpretable when information from other disciplines is considered.     

Behavioural knowledge amongst staffing groups for the care of the intellectually disabled

A multiple choice inventory was used to assess the behavioural knowledge of staff providing services to people with an intellectual disability. The relationships between performance on the inventory and other staff related variables were investigated. Results support previous research and indicate a low level of behavioural knowledge amongst direct care staff. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to staff training and selection.