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911.
We review studies that investigate negative social cognitions of socially anxious youth in relation to two specific domains:
interpretation of ambiguous social situations and self-evaluation of social performance, including social skills and nervous
behaviors. In this review, we address the question whether socially anxious youth’s negative perceptions are distortions of
reality or reflect a kernel of truth as compared to other sources of information including independent adult observers and
age peers. Studies key to this question are those that investigate not only the social perceptions themselves but also the
social behavior of socially anxious youth. Hence the selection of studies for the review was based on this criterion. From
the relevant literature it is, as yet, unclear whether the negative interpretations of ambiguous social situations shown by
socially anxious youth are distorted or a reflection of reality. Socially anxious youth’s self-evaluations of social skills
appear partly distorted and partly true, depending on the person judging the social skills. In contrast, self-evaluations
of nervous behaviors appear distorted. The studies reviewed indicate that research would benefit from including a wider range
of perceptions from persons relevant to the socially anxious youth’s daily social environment, not only parents and teachers
but also their age peers. 相似文献
912.
A simple experimental paradigm creates the powerful illusion that one is touching one’s own hand even when the two hands are separated by 15 cm. The participant uses her right hand to administer stimulation to a prosthetic hand while the Examiner provides identical stimulation to the participant’s receptive left hand. Change in felt position of the receptive hand toward the prosthetic hand has previously led to the interpretation that the participant experiences self-touch at the location of the prosthetic hand, and experiences a sense of ownership of the prosthetic hand. Our results argue against this interpretation. We assessed change in felt position of the participant’s receptive hand but we also assessed change in felt position of the participant’s administering hand. Change in felt position of the administering hand was significantly greater than change in felt position of the receptive hand. Implications for theories of ownership are discussed. 相似文献
913.
Involuntary autobiographical memories are spontaneously arising memories of personal events, whereas voluntary memories are retrieved strategically. Voluntary remembering has been studied in numerous experiments while involuntary remembering has been largely ignored. It is generally assumed that voluntary recall is the standard way of remembering, whereas involuntary recall is the exception. However, little is known about the actual frequency of these two types of remembering in daily life. Here, 48 Danish undergraduates recorded their involuntary versus voluntary autobiographical memories during a day using a mechanical counter. Involuntary memories were reported three times as frequently as voluntary memories. Compared to voluntary memories, they were associated less with problem solving and social sharing and more with day dreaming, periods of boredom, no reasons for remembering and predominantly came to mind during unfocused attention. The findings suggest that involuntary recall is a typical way of accessing the personal past. 相似文献
914.
Calonie M. K. Gray Rona Carter Wendy K. Silverman 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(2):205-213
This cross-sectional study examined the relations among children’s ethnic pride, perceived parenting behavior (i.e., parental
control, parental acceptance), anxiety sensitivity, and child anxiety symptoms (i.e., physical symptoms, social anxiety symptoms,
separation anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms) in 266 African American school children (M = 9.98 years old; 55% girls). Structural equation modeling results indicated that high ethnic pride was associated with high
parental acceptance. High perceived parental acceptance, in turn, was related to children reporting low levels of social anxiety
symptoms and high levels of harm avoidance. In addition, high parental control was related to high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety
sensitivity partially mediated the relation between parental control and separation anxiety symptoms, such that parental control
was both directly and indirectly related to separation anxiety symptoms. Parental control was indirectly related to physical
symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms through its direct link to anxiety sensitivity. The study’s
results increment knowledge about factors influencing specific dimensions of anxiety in African American children. 相似文献
915.
The repetition blindness (RB) effect demonstrates that people often fail to detect the second presentation of an identical
object (e.g., Kanwisher, 1987). Grouping of identical items is a well-documented perceptual phenomenon, and this grouping generally facilitates perception.
These two effects pose a puzzle: RB impairs perception, while perceptual grouping improves it. Here, we combined these two
effects and studied how they interact. In a series of three experiments, we presented repeated items in a simultaneous string,
while manipulating the organization of the repeated items in groups within a string. We observed an interaction between RB
and grouping that we summarize with a rule that we call “the survival of the grouped”: In essence, the ability to group repeated
elements protects them from RB. These findings are discussed within the framework of the object file theory. 相似文献
916.
Marin MF Lord C Andrews J Juster RP Sindi S Arsenault-Lapierre G Fiocco AJ Lupien SJ 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,96(4):583-595
This review aims to discuss the evidence supporting the link between chronic stress, cognitive function and mental health. Over the years, the associations between these concepts have been investigated in different populations. This review summarizes the findings that have emerged from older populations as well as from populations suffering from pathological aging, namely Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Although older adults are an interesting population to study in terms of chronic stress, other stress-related diseases can occur throughout the lifespan. The second section covers some of these stress-related diseases that have recently received a great deal of attention, namely burnout, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that chronic stress contributes to the development of certain pathologies by accelerating and/or exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities that vary from one individual to the other, the final section summarizes data obtained on potential variables contributing to the association between chronic stress and cognition. 相似文献
917.
918.
919.
Anne Lorraine Wagner Pascal Tisserant Marjorie Kubiak 《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2011,17(4):346-361
This work aims to study the propensity to discriminate (PTD) (Dovidio & Helb, 2005 ; Tisserant, Wagner & Barth, 2010) against gender and other salient criteria in the working place, such as ethnic origin and religious background. More precisely, we investigated the link between PTD and the social dominance orientation (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). 119 counsellors from French employment services answered a questionnaire dealing on concepts and attitudes towards social groups. Results show that social dominance, as a system of belief justifying social inequalities, generally predict the PTD of individuals, whatever the criterion of discrimination considered. The sex of counsellors can be considered as a moderating variable since females are less likely to accept inequalities than males do. We discuss the need for work and organizational psychologists to invest, alongside the managers, this field of research on equality, non-discrimination and diversity (ENDD). 相似文献
920.
Martin-Malivel J 《Animal cognition》2011,14(3):415-426
Humans readily group component elements into a coherent perceptual whole and perceive the global form of visual patterns in
priority over local features, which stands in contrast to at least some data from the animal literature, suggesting possible
species differences in perceptual processes. In this study, chimpanzees and baboons were required to match intact and partially
contour-deleted line-drawings in a computerized task in order to further explore the ability of nonhuman primates to group
component elements into a coherent perceptual whole and to determine to what extent they use the global form or the local
features. Experiment 1 showed that the baboons and chimpanzees matched intact continuous line-drawings (intact-intact) more
easily than partially contour-deleted line-drawings (deleted-deleted). Both species could also match partially deleted line-drawings
with their intact version (deleted-intact), but at a lower performance level. Experiment 2 further showed that subjects from
the two species could match partially deleted coherent line-drawings (deleted-deleted) more easily than their scrambled incoherent
versions (scrambled-scrambled). They could however match the coherent deleted forms with their scrambled version (deleted-scrambled).
It is suggested that solutions of these tasks rely on the processing of both global and local cues, with no clear-cut species
difference in that ability. Overall, the results show that contour completion of line-drawings was not easy. Implications
on the processing of human-made two-dimensional representations such as line-drawings are discussed. 相似文献