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931.
Auditory, visual, and cross-modal negative priming was investigated using a task in which participants judged whether stimuli were animals or musical instruments. Negative priming was observed, but only if the attended and the ignored primes evoked different responses. This pattern—negative priming after conflict, but not after nonconflict, primes—was demonstrated with visual stimuli and replicated with auditory stimuli, as well as across modalities, both auditory to visual and visual to auditory. Implications for theories of negative priming are discussed. 相似文献
932.
Previous research demonstrated that social phobia is characterized by content-specific interpretation and judgmental biases. The present study investigated whether this interpretation bias occurs not only in ambiguous, but also in positive and negative social events, and whether social phobic patients (SPs) are more characterized by a judgmental bias in costs than in probability. Besides, we argued that the judgmental bias observed in former studies could also be attributed to accurate estimations of SPs (of, for example, stuttering). Therefore, we assessed judgmental bias by the ratings of probability and costs of a negative evaluation (e.g. ‘people dislike me’) and not, as in previous studies, of negative social events (e.g. ‘stuttering’). SPs (n=228) and normal controls (n=33) were presented social and non-social events ranging from positive to profoundly negative. They ranked four different interpretations on likelihood to assess interpretation bias, and rated the profoundly negative interpretation on probability and cost to assess judgmental bias. SPs demonstrated content-specific interpretation and judgmental biases that also occurred in positive and negative social events. In contrast with expectations, SPs were characterized by a judgmental bias in both costs and probability. 相似文献
933.
The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words were congruent, neutral, or incongruent with respect to the correct color response. Words in the irrelevant object and in the background produced significant Stroop effects, consistent with earlier findings. Importantly, however, words in the relevant object produced larger Stroop effects than did the other conditions, suggesting amplified processing of all the features of an attended object. Thus, object-based processing can modulate the Stroop effect. 相似文献
934.
Rey de Castro A 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2003,72(1):131-155
Two case vignettes illustrating different ways of listening to clinical material are presented. The author discusses some limitations of clinical psychoanalytic theory that stem from the fact that primary unconscious processes are, by their very nature, impossible to describe in a language regulated by secondary processes. Hegelian dialectics, first addressed in psychoanalysis by Lacan and later elaborated in the work of Green, as well as the use of paradox by Winnicott and the formalistic approaches of Matte Blanco and Bion, are briefly reviewed as alternative formulas. As psychoanalysts, we are condemned to live with doubt, and neither clinical theories nor metapsychology offer escape from this reality. 相似文献
935.
The central question addressed by this article is whether courses of treatment consisting of pharmacotherapy or pharmacotherapy combined with psychotherapy (combined therapy) produce different changes in personality pathology at follow-up after 40 weeks. We also examined whether recovery from depression has an influence on outcome. The study population consisted of 128 outpatients in whom personality pathology and severity of depression were determined at the start of the study. For 72 patients, personality pathology and severity of depression were determined again after 40 weeks. Of the group of 72 patients, 25 patients received only pharmacotherapy for 6 months, and 47 patients received combined treatment (pharmacotherapy and psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy). The antidepressant protocol provides for three successive steps in case of intolerance or inefficacy: fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and moclobemide. The combined therapy condition consisted of 16 sessions of Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy in addition to pharmacotherapy. In the combined therapy condition there was a significant reduction in personality pathology in patients who recovered from depression but also in patients who had not. In the pharmacotherapy condition the significant decrease was restricted to patients who recovered from depression. The results were most striking for Cluster C psychopatology. Patients with cluster B pathology changed the least. Depressed patients with comorbid personality pathology appear to benefit most from a combination of pharmacotherapy and a form of short, psychodynamic, supportive psychotherapy. 相似文献
936.
Salgado JF Anderson N Moscoso S Bertua C de Fruyt F Rolland JP 《The Journal of applied psychology》2003,88(6):1068-1081
A comprehensive meta-analysis of the validity of general mental ability (GMA) measures across 12 occupational categories in the European Community (EC) is presented. GMA measures showed that there is validity generalization and large operational validities for job performance and training success in 11 occupational groups. Results also showed that job complexity moderated the magnitude of the operational validity of GMA tests across three levels of job complexity: low, medium, and high. In general, results were similar to those found in the United States, although the European findings showed a slightly larger magnitude of operational validity in some cases. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for personnel selection are discussed. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
937.
A national sample of 921 respondents from the Dutch population completed the translated, slightly modified version of Herek's Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale, originally developed in the USA for the assessment of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. The present study was the first attempt to test the applicability of the scale in the Netherlands. In line with previous American findings, all scale items loaded highly on one factor. The scores also correlated with another measure of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, namely, 'denial of equal rights' (r = .76), and with 'traditional view of women' (r = .48), 'importance of traditional marriage' (r = .53), and 'authoritarianism' (r = .31). Data support the scale's acceptable reliability and construct and discriminant validity. 相似文献
938.
Wolfgang?HerzogEmail author Christoph?Nikendei Hans-Christoph?Friederich Bernd?L?we Jana?Jünger Wolfgang?Eich Stephan?Zipfel 《Psychotherapeut》2003,48(5):348-356
Zusammenfassung Die psychische Komorbidität internistischer Patienten im Sinne einer ICD-Diagnose des Kapitels F beträgt mehr als 35%: Neurotische, besonders somatoforme, Schmerz-, affektive Störungen und Suchterkrankungen sind häufig. Die Liegedauer ist bei psychischer Komorbidität deutlich erhöht. Es benötigen 5% der internistischen Patienten ein psychosomatisches Konsil. Neue, komplexe Behandlungsstrategien, wie Transplantationen, Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren, Medikamentenpumpen, erfordern häufig spezifische psychosoziale Interventionen. Ältere Patienten haben Erkrankungen, die zunehmend chronifizieren und komplexer werden. Damit werden Lebensqualität und psychische Komorbidität zu zentralen Outcomevariablen der Volkskrankheiten. Das zweite große Aufgabenfeld internistischer Psychosomatik ist die Untersuchung und die Behandlung psychosomatischer Patienten im engeren Sinne (Essstörungen, Schmerz- und somatoforme Störungen), weil internistische Diagnostik und Therapie erforderlich oder die Motivation der Patienten primär somatisch ist. Organisationsmodelle reichen von Konsil-/Liaisondiensten bis zu integrierten psychosomatischen Abteilungen oder Fachabteilungen an Allgemeinkrankenhäusern. Aussichtsreiche Forschungsstrategien werden neben der Erforschung psychosomatischer Mechanismen in der Entwicklung pragmatischer Behandlungsprogramme, ihrer Überprüfung in klinischen Studien und der Versorgungsforschung gesehen. Darüber hinaus sollte eine Intensivierung nationaler und internationaler Forschungsnetze erfolgen, wenn immer möglich unter Beteiligung anderer Disziplinen, um auch im Bereich der Forschung konkurrenzfähig zu bleiben.Herrn Prof. Dr. Ernst Richard Petzold zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
939.
Jan?Peter?de?RuiterEmail author Stéphane?Rossignol Louis?Vuurpijl Douglas?W.?Cunningham Willem?J.?M.?Levelt 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(3):408-419
In this article, we present the spatial logistics task (SLOT) platform for investigating multimodal communication between
2 human participants. Presented are the SLOT communication task and the software and hardware that has been developed to run
SLOT experiments and record the participants’ multimodal behavior. SLOT offers a high level of flexibility in varying the
context of the communication and is particularly useful in studies of the relationship between pen gestures and speech. We
illustrate the use of the SLOT platform by discussing the results of some early experiments. The first is an experiment on
negotiation with a one-way mirror between the participants, and the second is an exploratory study of automatic recognition
of spontaneous pen gestures. The results of these studies demonstrate the usefulness of the SLOT platform for conducting multimodal
communication research in both human-human and human-computer interactions. 相似文献
940.
A.?BergerEmail author K.?-M.?Scheibe S.?Michaelis W.?J.?Streich 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(3):458-466
A biorhythmical method has been developed to assess behavior patterns and to evaluate the living conditions of animals that
can be applied also to humans. All kinds of continuous and equidistant long-term recordings of behavior are suitable for this
method. Time functions from an automatic telemetry system (ETHOSYSII) were analyzed macroscopically (comparison of daily levels)
and microscopically (autocorrelation function and power spectral analysis). Degrees of functional coupling (DFCs) were calculated
to identify and evaluate disturbances in behavior. Hierarchic frequency tuning of complex rhythmic functions of behaviors,
leads primarily to period lengths that are synchronized with the 24-h period. DFCs, a measure of harmony between internal
rhythms and the external 24-h period, were found to be high in well-adapted, healthy, and undisturbed individuals but were
lowered during periods of adaptation, sickness, or social interaction. Specific stress conditions could be identified and
evaluated in several species, under various conditions, using these biorhythmic analyses. 相似文献