The Contribution of Hope and Affectivity to Diabetes-Related Disability: An Exploratory Study

This study examined the relationships of the dispositional variables of hope, positive affectivity (PA), and negative affectivity (NA) with disease status and illness-related psychosocial functioning in a sample of 45 young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Canonical analyses revealed one significant canonical function between the dispositional and psychosocial outcome variables. Primary contributors to the relationship were higher NA and lower PA and maladaptive emotional behavior. A linear multiple regression analysis using hope and affectivity as predictors failed to account for a significant proportion of variance in objective disease status as measured by hemoglobin A _1C (HbA_1C). The results support previous findings that affectivity may relate to self-reported, disease-related outcome, but not necessarily to objective measures of health status. Future studies of adaptation to chronic illness should consider including measures of illness-related behaviors (e.g., adherence), as well as subjective and objective measures of health status.     

Building Bridges: Teresa of Avila and self psychology

Utilizing concepts from self psychology, the author demonstrates the ways in which God functioned as a selfobject for Teresa of Avila. In addition, parallels are drawn between the spiritual journey as described by Teresa of Avila and the psychotherapeutic journey. Building bridges between the psychological and spiritual realms of experience can greatly increase our understanding of each, and enable us to help our clients become more integrated, whole persons.     

Calculation of additional heart rates using oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production: A comparative analysis

Research, to date, on the occurrence of additional heart rates during behavioral stressors has employed oxygen consumption as the index of metabolic activity. Although this is the obvious first choice, in certain situations measures of carbon dioxide production may be more readily obtained. The analysis presented in this paper explored the intuitively appealing notion that, since oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are themselves intimately related, carbon-dioxide-production measures may also be appropriate in the “additional heart rate” methodology. Data from the most recent additional-heart-rate paper by Turner and colleagues were thus reexamined, and additional heart rates during mental arithmetic and a video game were separately calculated for the 24 subjects by first using oxygen consumption and then by using carbon dioxide production. The values obtained were very highly correlated; the coefficients for the task: periods themselves were 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. Use of carbon-dioxide-production data-in this manner would, therefore, seem to be appropriate.     

The MMPI and Jesness Inventory as measures of effectiveness on an inpatient conduct disorders treatment unit

There is a paucity of research on the effectiveness of inpatient treatment of conduct disorders. The purpose of the present study was to determine what effect a locked behavioral/cognitive treatment setting would have upon the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Jesness Inventory scores of adolescent inpatients. Fifty consecutive admissions (30 males, 20 females) to a conduct disorders unit were administered the MMPI and Jesness Inventory pre- and posttreatment. Statistically significant changes were found on both inventories. Males responded to treatment more favorably than did females. Improvement on the test scores could not conclusively be linked to the treatment due to the absence of a control group; however, combined with previous research, the results indicate areas of improvement in the sample's pathology.     

Role played self-disclosure as a function of liking and knowing

Subjects identified persons from their own lives whom they liked and knew to varying degrees. At a later session, subjects role-played a self-disclosing conversation with each identified person. Verbal behavior was recorded and analyzed with respect to the personalness of disclosure. Analysis of variance results for both self-report and observational measures show significant effects for liking and knowing on personal, but not impersonal, self-disclosure. The pattern of results over all dependent measures indicates that liking has a more specific effect on personal disclosure than does knowing, but that liking and knowing do not differ in relative control over impersonal disclosure. A correlational analysis involving subjects' perceptions of the experimental situation and the dependent disclosure measures supported this interpretation.     

Contrast effects on the auditory evoked response and its relation to psychophysical judgments

An auditory average evoked response (AER) procedure was used to search for a physiological counterpart of the contrast effect-the tendency for a S’s judgment of the intensity of a stimulus to be modified by the intensity of prior stimulation. When a tone was preceded by a softer tone, its AER amplitude increased; conversely, when a tone followed a louder tone, amplitude decreased. Irregular intervals between tones decreased the AER contrast effect, as did increasing the interval between tones. Further, significant correlations were found between individual scores on the AER contrast procedure and performance on a battery of psychophysical tasks.     

Influence of maternal gender-role beliefs and role satisfaction on daughters' vocational interests

We examined whether maternal gender-role ideologies and role satisfaction influence daughters' vocational interests. 152 female undergraduate students (Mage = 18.7 years), from predominantly white, middle- to upper-class homes, as well as their mothers and fathers, participated voluntarily. Students identified their career choices, completed a gender-role ideology scale and an identification with parents questionnaire, and reported their perceptions of their mothers' and fathers' gender-role ideologies and role satisfaction. Each parent completed a gender-role ideology scale and a role satisfaction questionnaire. Path analyses support a model in which actual and perceived maternal attitudes (n= 135) influence the gender-role ideologies of daughters, which in turn influence the gender stereotyped nature of daughters' career choices (Q= .90; W= 14.00, p> .05); furthermore daughters' maternal identification moderated the relationship between perceived maternal gender-role ideology and own gender-role ideology. A similar model substituting fathers' attitudes (n= 128) did not fit the data. The results indicate how maternal attitudes influence daughters' career choice, and support the role of family socialization on children's career aspirations.