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161.
Pseudoneglect is a slight but consistent leftward attentional bias commonly observed in healthy young populations, purportedly explained by right hemispheric dominance. It has been suggested that normal aging might be associated with a decline of the right hemisphere. According to this hypothesis, a few studies have shown that elderly tend to exhibit a rightward attentional bias in line bisection. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis in young and older participants using a perceptual landmark task. Results yield evidence for an age-related shift, from a strong attentional leftward bias in young adults toward a suppressed or even a reversed bias in the elderly. Right hemisphere impairment coupled to a left hemispheric compensation might explain the perceptual shift observed in older adults. However, a decline in corpus callosum function cannot be excluded. Alternatively, these results may be in agreement with the hypothesis of an age-related specific inhibition of return dysfunction, an overt attentional orienting mechanism, and/or a decrease of dopamine. 相似文献
162.
Research using the intermodal preferential looking paradigm (IPLP) has consistently shown that English-learning children aged 2 can associate transitive argument structure with causal events. However, studies using the same methodology investigating 2-year-old children's knowledge of the conjoined agent intransitive and semantic role assignment have reported inconsistent findings. The aim of the present study was to establish at what age English-learning children have verb-general knowledge of both transitive and intransitive argument structure using a new method: the forced-choice pointing paradigm. The results suggest that young 2-year-olds can associate transitive structures with causal (or externally caused) events and can use transitive structure to assign agent and patient roles correctly. However, the children were unable to associate the conjoined agent intransitive with noncausal events until aged 3;4. The results confirm the pattern from previous IPLP studies and indicate that children may develop the ability to comprehend different aspects of argument structure at different ages. The implications for theories of language acquisition and the nature of the language acquisition mechanism are discussed. 相似文献
163.
Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qingwen Xu Douglas D. Perkins Julian Chun-Chung Chow 《American journal of community psychology》2010,45(3-4):259-271
This study examines the state of sense of community, neighboring behavior, and social capital in the People’s Republic of China, and explores their ability to predict local political participation, in the form of voting in elections for Urban Resident/Rural Villager Committees. Using a nationally representative survey, rural, older and married residents and those with a primary or high school education and higher perceived socio-economic status are more likely to participate. In rural areas, men are more likely than women to vote. For urban residents, knowing one’s neighbors is more important whereas in rural areas, neighboring behavior is more important, but both predict voting. Social capital does not generally predict Chinese people’s local political participation. Western definitions of social capital derived from theories about networking, bonding and bridging ties may be too culturally individualistic for China, whose collectivist society and agrarian kinship networks predate Communism. Simply knowing and helping one’s neighbors, rather than more abstract notions of trust, reciprocity or membership, may lead to the development of local democracy. 相似文献
164.
Joni Holmes Susan E. Gathercole Maurice Place Darren L. Dunning Kerry A. Hilton Julian G. Elliott 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(6):827-836
This study evaluated the impact of two interventions—a training program and stimulant medication—on working memory (WM) function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty‐five children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training that taxed WM skills to the limit for a minimum of 20 days, and completed other assessments of WM and IQ before and after training, and with and without prescribed drug treatment. While medication significantly improved visuo‐spatial memory performance, training led to substantial gains in all components of WM across untrained tasks. Training gains associated with the central executive persisted over a 6‐month period. IQ scores were unaffected by either intervention. These findings indicate that the WM impairments in children with ADHD can be differentially ameliorated by training and by stimulant medication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
165.
W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(3):305-313
Many scholars have argued that unity of humankind can be established on the basis of some basic or core human values. Instead
of engaging in a comparative empirical research, compiling lists of core values derived from different cultures, discuss their
relevance for human fellowship, I examine the simple values of life that during the 1980s united people in Poland and made
them to form the powerful civic movement, which was Solidarity. Today we live in a world that is fundamentally different from
that before 1989. We are no longer divided by a global ideological struggle between communism and liberal democracy. The key
issue today is not a bipolar division but globalization. My thesis is today we need a new Global Solidarity and that this
movement can take lessons from Poland’s Solidarity. It should not be grounded in any ideology, but in inclusive values that
do not divide but can potentially unite all human beings, and these can be derived from basic human needs. In short, Global
Solidarity should be based on what I call the “righteousness of life.” It can be achieved if there is a growing recognition
of what is right for life and a growing interest in protecting and enhancing life. 相似文献
166.
Me, myself, and lie: The role of self-awareness in deception 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Amanda K. Johnson Allyson Barnacz Toko Yokkaichi Jennifer Rubio Connie Racioppi Todd K. Shackelford Maryanne L. Fisher Julian Paul Keenan 《Personality and individual differences》2005,38(8):1847-1853
Deception has been studied extensively but still little is known about individual differences in deception ability. We investigated the relationship between self-awareness and deception ability. We enlisted novice actors to portray varying levels of deception. Forty-two undergraduates viewed the videotaped portrayals and rated the actors’ believability. Actors with high private self-awareness were more effective deceivers, suggesting that high self-monitors are more effective at deceiving. Self-awareness may lead to knowledge of another’s mental state (i.e., Theory of Mind), which may improve an individual’s deception ability. 相似文献
167.
168.
Julian W. Fernando Yoshihisa Kashima Simon M. Laham 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2019,22(3):227-243
Despite its status as a prominent set of theories for explaining the elicitation and differentiation of emotions, much appraisal theory and research offer little indication of the nature of the relationship expected between appraisals and emotions. Here, we present a three‐study, multiple‐method analysis in which we examine numerous ways of testing appraisal–emotion relationships using the “prosocial” intergroup emotions—sympathy, anger, and guilt—as an example. Results show that the set of appraisal dimensions that appears strongly characteristic of an emotion varies depending on the kind of appraisal—emotion relationship hypothesised and the experimental methodology/statistical analysis used. These findings demonstrate the utility of explicit theorising about the nature of the relationship between emotions and appraisals, and show how the hypothesised appraisal–emotion relationship and choice of methodology can affect the structure of appraisal theories. We recommend an analysis across multiple methods to provide a more complete picture of a given set of appraisal–emotion relationships. 相似文献
169.
Jed A. Diekfuss Christopher K. Rhea Randy J. Schmitz Dustin R. Grooms Robin W. Wilkins Alexis B. Slutsky 《Journal of motor behavior》2019,51(3):281-292
This study examined the training effect of attentional focus (external focus, internal focus, or no focus instructions) on a dynamic balance task. Participants completed baseline balance testing, seven consecutive days of dynamic balance board training, and retention testing 24 hours after the last session. The novel finding of this study was the presence of a training effect on balance control when adopting an external focus relative to an internal focus or no focus instructions. Further, we report the unique observation that more patterned behavior was adopted regardless of the focus instructions. These findings provide insight into how instructions can be altered to enhance human balance control and complement the constrained-action hypothesis. 相似文献
170.
Julian D. Ford John F. Chapman Geraldine Pearson Randy Borum Jennifer Meltzer Wolpaw 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):87-99
This study replicates and extends studies of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2 (MAYSI-2) in a sample of 479 urban, rural, and suburban 12–16 year old youths (68% boys; 41% African American, 23% Latino)
consecutively admitted to juvenile detention centers. Six principal components replicated the MAYSI-2 factor-analytically-derived
subscales except for Depression/Anxiety, and suggested modifications of specific items in each sub-scale. Findings supported
the internal consistency and validity of the modified MAYSI-2 sub-scales. Few gender differences emerged, except that girls
reported higher levels of hopelessness and trauma than boys. Five sub-groups were identified based on component profiles:
(1) non-clinical, (2) addiction, somatic problems, and suicidality, (3) anger problems, (4) thought disturbance, and (5) addiction
and traumatic stress. The findings support the validity of the MAYSI-2 for juvenile justice mental health screening while
highlighting possible refinements in scoring in order to identify delinquent youths with distinctive psychosocial risks and
needs. 相似文献