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391.
The philosophy of simulation: hot new issues or same old stew? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Computer simulations are an exciting tool that plays important roles in many scientific disciplines. This has attracted the
attention of a number of philosophers of science. The main tenor in this literature is that computer simulations not only
constitute interesting and powerful new science, but that they also raise a host of new philosophical issues. The protagonists in this debate claim no less than that simulations call into question our philosophical understanding
of scientific ontology, the epistemology and semantics of models and theories, and the relation between experimentation and
theorising, and submit that simulations demand a fundamentally new philosophy of science in many respects. The aim of this
paper is to critically evaluate these claims. Our conclusion will be sober. We argue that these claims are overblown and that
simulations, far from demanding a new metaphysics, epistemology, semantics and methodology, raise few if any new philosophical
problems. The philosophical problems that do come up in connection with simulations are not specific to simulations and most
of them are variants of problems that have been discussed in other contexts before.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
392.
Laurens Landeweerd Patricia Osseweijer Julian Kinderlerer 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(4):531-543
In the perception of technology innovation two world views compete for domination: technological and social determinism. Technological
determinism holds that societal change is caused by technological developments, social determinism holds the opposite. Although
both were quite central to discussion in the philosophy, history and sociology of technology in the 1970s and 1980s, neither
is seen as mainstream now. They do still play an important role as background philosophies in societal debates and offer two
very different perspectives on where the responsibilities for an ethically sound development of novel technologies lie. In
this paper we will elaborate on these to two opposing views on technology development taking the recent debate on the implementation
of biofuels as a case example. 相似文献
393.
Yoshihisa Kashima Paul Bain Nick Haslam Kim Peters Simon Laham Jennifer Whelan Brock Bastian Stephen Loughnan Leah Kaufmann Julian Fernando 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2009,12(4):227-246
People have a folk theory of social change (FTSC). A typical Western FTSC stipulates that as a society becomes more industrialized, it undergoes a natural course of social change, in which a communal society marked by communal relationships becomes a qualitatively different, agentic society where market‐based exchange relationships prevail. People use this folk theory to predict a society's future and estimate its past, to understand contemporary cross‐cultural differences, and to make decisions about social policies. Nonetheless, the FTSC is not particularly consistent with the existing cross‐cultural research on industrialization and cultural differences, and needs to be examined carefully. 相似文献
394.
Julian D. Ford Eileen M. Russo Sharon D. Mallon 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2007,85(4):475-490
Historically, administrators and clinicians have been hesitant to address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). However, research shows that SUD treatment recruitment and outcomes may be adversely affected if co‐occurring PTSD is left untreated. The authors provide guidelines for screening and assessment, treatment services, and workforce and organizational development that are designed to facilitate integrated PTSD–SUD treatment. Case examples illustrate the necessary precautions related to and the potential benefits of integrating treatment of PTSD and SUD. 相似文献
395.
Julian Joseph Rukyaa 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2007,18(2):189-204
The article evaluates religious education strategies in view of the need to cope adequately with prejudices between Muslims and Christians in Tanzania against the historical background of the two traditions and contemporary events. It shows that religious prejudice is the result of religious instruction provided within both communities, and is due either to negative stereotypes or ignorance of the tradition of the other. The challenge is to critically analyse the teaching contents, aims and methods of religious instruction of each tradition in order to unearth prejudicial elements, and to recommend ways and means of coping with them. 相似文献
396.
Omvik S Pallesen S Bjorvatn B Thayer J Nordhus IH 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(4):715-727
There is ample evidence for the existence of an association between sleeplessness and worry. Not much is known, however, concerning the nature of this relationship. Therefore, a study was conducted investigating the causal relationship between sleeplessness and nocturnal worry. A 2 x 2 (Worry x Induced sleeplessness) analysis of covariance design was used. The first factor consisted of a subject variable defined by scoring either high or low on a trait measure of worry (the Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and the second factor consisted of 300 mg caffeine or placebo. A total of 96 female undergraduate students participated. The dependent variables comprised measures of nocturnal worry (the Night-Time Thoughts Questionnaire) and subjective and objective sleep parameters. Overall, caffeine caused an increase in nocturnal worry and sleeplessness. A significant interaction effect occurred between Worry and Induced sleeplessness on one of the objective sleep parameters, but no other interaction effects were significant. The results suggest that worry may occur as an epiphenomenon of sleeplessness. 相似文献
397.
Emotional irritation before mental stress is associated with enhanced peripheral norepinephrine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Weber CS Thayer JF Rudat M Perschel FH Buchholz K Deter HC 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2007,48(6):459-466
Research suggests equivocal findings on associations of catecholamines and mood. Our study investigated the associations of emotional state, blood pressure and catecholamines in 55 healthy males undergoing mental stress. We especially checked the reported link between norepinephrine (NE) and emotional irritation. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored. NE and epinephrine (EPI) were measured before, after, and 20 minutes after stress. Participants were divided into irritated versus non-irritated and anxious versus non-anxious subjects by median split on their baseline questionnaires. The task elicited significant cardiovascular, hormonal, and psychological stress responses. NE levels were significantly correlated with irritation before stress. Irritated subjects showed significantly higher DBP and NE than non-irritated subjects. The higher NE and DBP levels in the irritated participants suggest detrimental psycho-physiological interrelations promoting the development of stress-mediated cardiovascular diseases. Heightened emotional irritation before stress may be regarded as a psychological risk factor. 相似文献
398.
Julia Ying-Chao Lin Edward Shih-Tse Wang Leticia L Y Kao Julian Ming-Sung Cheng 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(6):813-815
The potential of online games to become a major global business and the existence of limited related references led to the current study. In this study, Rogers's diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory is applied to investigate the principles for the adoption of online games in Taiwan. The findings suggest that relative advantages and compatibility both have a significant effect on the adoption of online games for purposes of amusement, with the former being more important for early gamers and the latter being regarded as more critical for later gamers. In addition, complexity is found to impede online game diffusion and is regarded as the most important facilitator. 相似文献
399.
The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Recent evidence suggests that there are at least two large-scale neural networks that represent the self and others. Whereas frontoparietal mirror-neuron areas provide the basis for bridging the gap between the physical self and others through motor-simulation mechanisms, cortical midline structures engage in processing information about the self and others in more abstract, evaluative terms. This framework provides a basis for reconciling findings from two separate but related lines of research: self-related processing and social cognition. The neural systems of midline structures and mirror neurons show that self and other are two sides of the same coin, whether their physical interactions or their most internal mental processes are examined. 相似文献
400.