Attentional SNARC: there's something special about numbers (let us count the ways)

We report a study that examines whether the presentation of irrelevant, ordinal information at central fixation interacts with the allocation of attention beyond fixation. Previous research has demonstrated that number perception influences the allocation of spatial attention, such that the presentation of a spatially nonpredictive number at fixation results in attention being allocated to the left when the central number is low (e.g., 1), and attention being allocated to the right when the central number is high (e.g., 9). Here, we examine whether this attentional SNARC effect (spatial numerical association of response codes) generalizes to other ordinal sequences: letters, days, and months. Though we replicate the attentional SNARC we find that this effect is number-specific, unless participants are required to process the cue in an order-relevant fashion. This discovery of number-specificity has important implications both for the functional separation between SNARC and attention-SNARC effects, as well as lending support to recent theories regarding the specificity of a shared neural architecture between numbers and visuospatial attention.     

Discrimination of response-reinforcer and response-stimulus contingencies in pigeons

For three pigeons (Experiment 1), the presentation of a red response key ended with a food presentation either following two responses separated by at least 10 seconds (a DRL contingency) or following a 10-second response-free period (a DRO contingency). For three other birds (Experiment 2), a brief stimulus presentation terminated the DRL and DRO contingencies. A white side key was presented next and ended with response-dependent food following one contingency and a timeout following the other. Since the contingency on the red key was unsignaled, differential responding on the white side key could indicate that the two response-reinforcer relations had been discriminated. In Experiment 1, the red-key duration and number of responses influenced white-key responding following the contingency that predicted the timeout. A response-initiated DRO was instated, and the influence of red-key duration and response number on white-key responding was diminished. In both experiments, the 10-second time criterion in both contingencies was varied from 0.34 second to 10 seconds. Even at short time intervals the DRO and DRL contingencies were readily discriminated. Pigeons tended to class the two contingencies according to a rule that did not involve simply stimulus duration, numbers of responses, or even the time between a response and its consequence.     

Locus of control, personal control, and the counselling of children with learning and/or behaviour problems

It is widely claimed that locus of control represents an important focus for the counselling of children with learning and/or behaviour difficulties. But the concept is widely misunderstood and often confused with other important control-related constructs. The meaning of a number of key constructs is clarified. An approach to counselling is advocated which recognises the heuristic and therapeutic value of employing these in a discrete, yet integrated fashion.     

性别、幼儿园教育和英语学习对普通话儿童语音习得的影响

1　引言在研究儿童语言习得过程中 ,人们发现虽然所有正常发展的儿童最终都能习得目标语 ,但是习得的速度有快有慢。性别、家庭的社会经济地位 (包括父亲和母亲的文化程度、职业等 )、兄弟姐妹中的排行、智力、性格、思维方式等社会和个人因素都会对语言习得的速度产生一定的作用。Ｒｉｔｔｅｒｍａｎ＆Ｒｉｃｈｔｎｅｒ( 1 979)和Ｍｏｗｒｅｒ＆Ｂｕｒｇｅｒ( 1 991 )分别比较了男孩和女孩在英语习得过程中发音的音位数目和出现音位错误的数量 ,两项实验均没有发现男孩和女孩在习得语音过程中有显著差异。另有两项早期研究发现语音习得过程…     

Workplace aggression in teenage part-time employees

Among adult employees, interpersonal injustice and abusive supervision predict aggression toward supervisors at work. The aim of this study was to assess whether similar relationships exist among teenage employees and, further, whether teenagers' reasons for working moderate these relationships. Multiple regression analyses on data from 119 teenage employees showed that financial and personal fulfillment reasons for working moderate the impact of interpersonal injustice and abusive supervision on aggression directed at workplace supervisors. These findings contribute to the understanding of workplace aggression by demonstrating that (a) teenagers engage in this workplace behavior, (b) the predictors are similar to those of adult aggression, and (c) reasons for working play a moderating role among this particular cohort. The possible long-term consequences of teenagers' use of aggression at work are discussed.     

Psychological trauma and PTSD symptoms as predictors of substance dependence treatment outcomes

Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may complicate and reduce the effectiveness of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). This study assessed trauma history and symptoms of simple and complex PTSD at baseline in a randomized trial of contingency management (CM) compared to standard treatment (ST) with 142 cocaine- or heroin-dependent outpatients. History of exposure to each of eight types of psychological trauma was unrelated to treatment outcome, except for witnessed assaults and emotional abuse. Complex PTSD symptoms were inversely associated with short-term treatment outcomes, and PTSD symptoms were positively related to long-term outcome, independent of the effects of demographics, psychological distress, baseline substance use status, and treatment modality. Complex PTSD symptoms warrant further study as a potential negative prognostic factor in SUD interventions.     

Status generalization in context: The moderating role of groups

Status generalization has been described as a process directly linking social status at the societal level to influence in interpersonal interactions, providing one mechanism through which status inequalities in society are maintained. It is argued in this paper that groups can moderate status generalization when a status characteristic is non-prototypical of the group. Two experiments are reported that measured the relative influence of an older and younger target within different group contexts: an undergraduate student group and a broader university group. In both experiments, the older target was more influential than the younger target in the context of the university group, but the younger target was more influential in the context of the undergraduate student group. Findings are discussed in relation to status generalization and referent informational influence as separate influence processes.