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211.
James A. Green Gwen E. Gustafson Julia R. Irwin Lori L. Kalinowski Rebecca M. Wood 《Infant and child development》1995,4(4):161-175
This paper first reviews briefly the literature on the acoustics of infant cry sounds and then presents two empirical studies on the perception of cry and noncry sounds in their social-communicative context. Acoustic analysis of cry sounds has undergone dramatic changes in the last 35 years, including the introduction of more than a hundred different acoustic measures. The study of cry acoustics, however, remains largely focused on neonates who have various medical problems or are at risk for developmental delays. Relatively little is known about how cry sounds and cry perception change developmentally, or about how they compare with noncry sounds. The data presented here support the notion that both auditory and visual information are important in caregivers' interpretations of infant sounds in naturalistic contexts. When only auditory information is available (Study 1), cry sounds become generally more recognizable from 3 to 12 months of age; perception of noncry sounds, however, generally does not change over age. When auditory and visual information contradict each other (Study 2), adults tend to perform at chance levels, with a few interesting exceptions. It is suggested that broadening studies of acoustic analysis and perception to include both cry and noncry sounds should increase our understanding of the development of communication in infancy. Finally, we suggest that examining the cry in its developmental context holds great possibility for delineating the factors that underlie adults' responses to crying. 相似文献
212.
Julia C. Berryman 《Current Psychology》1984,3(4):39-42
This study was designed to investigate subjects’ interest and liking preferences for stimuli varying in type and level of
familiarity. Subjects were presented with stimulus material in the form of slides, and were asked to view the slides firstly
without instruction, and then twice more in order to rate the material for interest and liking. Half the subjects were asked
to rate liking before interest, and half rated interest before liking. Results showed that interest ratings were relatively
unaffected by the rating sequence, whereas ratings of liking were affected: when ratings of likingpreceded interest ratings, familiar items were preferred to less familiar items, but when ratings of liking were madeafter interest ratings, ratings of liking for less familiar items were preferred to more familiar items.
This study forms part of the work of the Leicester Aesthetics Research Group. The work was supported by a grant from the Research
Board, University of Leicester. 相似文献
213.
Continuing in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study of the Attitudes of High School Girls 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Julia Sherman 《Psychology of women quarterly》1982,7(2):132-140
The mathematics attitudes (determined by ratings on the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales) of ninth grade girls of similar intellect who subsequently took one to four years of college preparatory math were compared in 1975 and 1978 (n = 84). Math enrollment groups differed significantly on the following scales: Usefulness of Mathematics, Confidence in Learning Mathematics, Teacher (perceived attitude toward the student as a learner of mathematics), and Effectance Motivation in Mathematics as assessed both in Grades 9 and 12, and on the Math as a Male Domain Scale as assessed in Grade 12. From Grade 9 to 12, scores on the Attitude toward Success in Math Scale became significantly more positive. 相似文献
214.
George I. Whitehead III Stephanie H. Smith Julia A. Eichhorn 《Journal of personality》1982,50(2):193-202
This study examined the proposition that blacks and whites make dispositional attributions for an in-group's positive behaviors and an out-group's negative behaviors. The study also examined whether this positive in-group bias was caused by dislike of the out-group or belief in a stereotype. Thus, blacks and whites made attributions to black and white others who succeeded or failed on tasks for which there was either no stereotype or a more negative stereotype of whites than of blacks. An out-group other's failure on both tasks was attributed to lack of ability more than was an in-group other's failure. This finding suggests that the in-group bias is caused by dislike of the out-group. Furthermore, in success conditions subjects' attributions to the in-group or out-group other did not differ. It was suggested that these attributions may result from a combination of an in-group bias and a polarized appraisal. 相似文献
215.
Julia C. Berryman Clare Fullerton W. Sluckin 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1971,23(3):255-260
Five- and six-day old chicks were found to prefer a complex stimulus to a simple one, whilst 2-day old ones showed no such preference; but a red stimulus, whether simple or complex, tended to be preferred at both age levels when it was paired with a non-coloured complex stimulus. Preference for complexity may be usefully viewed in any species in the context of the behavioural development of the individual. 相似文献
216.
W V?lker D Müller H von Specht 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1985,37(5):272-279
Electrophysiological methods were used to examine 52 ward patients with a long history of alcohol abuse. Alertness fluctuations were much more common in the EEG than among the healthy control subjects. 86.5% of the ENG findings were abnormal and indicated demyelinisation in most cases. The latence times of the brain stem potentials were longer than normal in about half of the patients and were definitely pathological in 13.5%. There was no statistical correlation between drinking habits and the results of the examination. Unknown pathogenetic factors are therefore suspected. The polytopic pattern of damage necessitates the use of a broad range of signostic techniques. 相似文献
217.
D Müller R D Koch H von Specht W V?lker E M Münch 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1985,37(3):129-132
Neurophysiological examinations of 100 long term alcohol dependent patients who were having neuropsychiatric treatment, showed symptoms of polytopic damage of the peripheral and central nervous system. The results show that for recognition of the damage an extensive diagnostic programme must be used. 相似文献
218.
Overcoming Adversity: High‐Achieving African American Youth's Perspectives on Educational Resilience
This qualitative multicase research study identified the home, school, and community factors and processes that contributed to the academic success of 8 urban, African American high school graduates from low‐income, single‐parent families. Ten main themes emerged: school‐related parenting practices, personal stories of hardship, positive mother–child relationships, extended family networks, supportive school‐based relationships, school‐oriented peer culture, good teaching, extracurricular school activities, social support networks, and out‐of‐school time activities. Implications for counselors are discussed. 相似文献
219.
Background: Social anxiety is among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, yet little attention has been paid to whether putative cognitive vulnerability factors related to social anxiety in predominantly White samples are related to social anxiety among historically underrepresented groups.Design: We tested whether one such vulnerability factor, post-event processing (PEP; detailed review of social event that can increase state social anxiety) was related to social anxiety among African-American (AA; n?=?127) persons, who comprise one of the largest underrepresented racial groups in the U.S. Secondarily, we tested whether AA participants differed from non-Hispanic White participants (n?=?127) on PEP and social anxiety and whether race moderated the relation between PEP and social anxiety.Method: Data were collected online among undergraduates.Results: PEP was positively correlated with social anxiety among AA participants, even after controlling for depression and income, pr?=?.30, p?=?.001. AA and White participants did not differ on social anxiety or PEP, β?=??1.57, 95% CI: ?5.11, 1.96. The relation of PEP to social anxiety did not vary as a function of race, β?=?0.00, 95% CI: ?0.02, 0.02.Conclusions: PEP may be an important cognitive vulnerability factor related to social anxiety among AA persons suffering from social anxiety. 相似文献
220.