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821.
Through their 11 official princesses, Disney circulates powerful and consistent messages regarding gender norms and roles. Inspired by the princesses’ ubiquity in the lives of young girls, we examined how preschool girls interpreted gender-role stereotypes in Disney Princess media both through their pretend play behaviors and their discussions of the princesses. Participants included 31 3- to 5-year-old girls who represented an array of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds and who came from four classes at two preschools in rural New England. Data collected from a variety of methods, including pretend play observations, semi-structured interviews, and parent questionnaires revealed participants’ stereotypical beliefs about the princesses and their adherence to gendered behaviors when enacting the princesses. Thematic analyses identified four themes that defined the participants’ princess play: beauty, focus on clothing and accessories, princess body movements, and exclusion of boys. The implications of gendered princess play are discussed in relation to the social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Based on the outcomes of our study, parents and educators might reconsider the type and amount of media they provide their children, acknowledging the effects of these images on their children’s behaviors and understandings of gender. 相似文献
822.
Julia E. Morgan Barbara Caplan Irene Tung Amanda N. Noroña Bruce L. Baker Steve S. Lee 《Child neuropsychology》2018,24(6):823-843
Although gene × environment interactions contribute to youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, the pathways mediating these influences are unknown. We tested genetic moderation of indirect effects from parenting behavior to youth ADHD symptoms through multiple neurocognitive factors. Two hundred and twenty-nine youth with and without ADHD were assessed at baseline (Wave 1; ages 5–10) and at a 2-year follow-up (Wave 2; ages 7–13). At Wave 1, youth completed a neurocognitive battery including measures of response inhibition, visuospatial working memory, and fluid reasoning, and a standardized parent–child interaction task yielding observational measures of positive and negative parenting. At Wave 2, youth psychopathology was rated by parents and teachers using multiple methods (i.e., structured interview, rating scale). We employed moderated multiple mediation and compared conditional indirect effects across youth genotypes at two biologically plausible genetic loci. Controlling for parent ADHD symptoms as well as youth demographic factors and co-occurring externalizing symptoms, these genetic factors moderated the indirect effect from Wave 1 parenting to multi-method/informant Wave 2 ADHD symptoms through Wave 1 neurocognitive functioning. This preliminary study is the first to identify genetic moderation of mediated effects underlying ADHD symptoms and suggests that specific gene × parenting interactions may underlie neurocognitive functioning deficits and subsequent ADHD. 相似文献
823.
824.
Julia S. Noland 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(6):504-509
At 8 to 11 months of age, infants are more successful in negotiating opaque relative to transparent barriers. However, 7-month-old infants have more difficulty with opaque barriers relative to semitransparent barriers. Here, 8-month-old infants spent more time in ineffective direct reaches with more the transparent barriers (Experiments 1 & 2) and were faster with the fully opaque barrier (Experiment 2). This demonstration of the graded effects of transparency confirms the working memory and/or response inhibition demands of the object retrieval task. 相似文献
825.
Rachel Burmeister H. Julia Hannay Kim Copeland Jack M. Fletcher Amy Boudousquie Maureen Dennis 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(3):265-283
This study addressed the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes in children with spina bifida meningomyelocele and shunted hydrocephalus (SBH) as well as differences in executive functions among these subtypes. Parent rating scales revealed that 31% of the group with SBH could be identified with AD/HD, mostly the Inattentive type (23%). The group with SBH differed from normal controls on cognitive measures of executive functions, but subtype differences were not significant. Multivariate tests showed that children with SBH were rated with greater difficulties on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) compared to controls; those with SBH and any subtype of ADHD differed from those with SBH and no ADHD; and those with ADHD (Combined Type) differed significantly from those with ADHD (Predominantly Inattentive Type). Subtype differences on univariate tests in the latter comparison were significant on the BRIEF Inhibit scale, showing more disinhibition in those with SBH and ADHD (Combined Type), but no significant differences were apparent on the BRIEF Sustain, Shift, and Initiate scales. The results show that the incidence of ADHD in children with SBH exceeds the population rate, is represented by problems with inattention rather than with impulsivity and hyperactivity; and that as with non-brain injured individuals, subtype differences in cognitive function remain to more clearly delineated. 相似文献
826.
Julia Schreitter von Schwarzenfeld Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Wolfgang Tress 《Psychotherapeut》2013,58(4):379-387
Etiopathogenetic models of somatoform disorders and philosophical concepts of free will refer to theories of affect processing: affective dysregulation can promote psychosomatic ailments as well as problems in decision making. This observation brings forth the question if freedom of will is impaired in persons with somatoform disorders. By compiling, analyzing and contextualizing relevant models of current neuroscience, psychosomatic medicine and philosophy the psychodynamic construct of alexithymia as an etiologic factor of somatoform disorders and the conceptual integration of affective factors in a model of free will are developed on the basis of a common concept of affect. The synthesis of the discussed results and considerations, the multidimensional impairment of the ability to decide freely and self-determinedly due to somatoform disorders, is critically reflected; however, a blanket assumption is not admissible. 相似文献
827.
Prof. Dr. Dipl.-Psych Josef Bailer Tobias Müller Michael Witthöft Carsten Diener Daniela Mier Julia Ofer Fred Rist 《Psychotherapeut》2013,58(6):552-559
Background
Somatic symptom attributions are of central importance in cognitive-behavioral models of the development, maintenance and treatment of hypochondriasis. However, the mode of symptom attribution has rarely been systematically investigated in these patients. Is a somatic mode of symptom attribution indeed specific for hypochondriasis and furthermore, how strongly is it associated with “doctor shopping”, a typical behavioral consequence of hypochondriasis?Patients and methods
In this study 88 hypochondriacal, 52 depressive and 52 healthy persons were asked to complete the symptom interpretations questionnaire and several standardized symptom questionnaires. They also took part in two structured clinical interviews for the diagnosis of hypochondriasis and various other psychological disorders according to DSM-IV.Results
Somatic symptom attributions were associated specifically with hypochondriasis, while normalizing attributions characterized persons with low health anxiety. When examined as predictors in multiple regression models, in particular somatic attributions and the total of somatoform complaints predicted the intensity of health anxiety (R 2?=?0.69) and “doctor shopping” (R 2?=?0.48).Conclusion
In the cognitive-behavioral treatment of hypochondriasis, patients should be encouraged to test normalizing explanations as alternatives to habitual somatic attributions of somatic disturbances. 相似文献828.
Bill Hastings Julia Kiely Trevor Watkins 《Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management》2013,33(2):43-51
This study examines the use of travel incentives as motivators for a commission only life insurance sales force in the United Kingdom. A sample of 1,083 sales representatives reported that travel is a strong motivator and valued more highly than several other types of incentives. 相似文献
829.
Tabea Reuter Jochen P. Ziegelmann Amelie U. Wiedemann Sonia Lippke Benjamin Schüz Leona S. Aiken 《Psychology & health》2013,28(7):873-887
Objective: This study examines age-differential association patterns between intentions, planning and physical activity in young and middle-aged individuals. The effectiveness of planning to bridge the intention–behaviour gap is assumed to increase with advancing age. We explore the use of behaviour change strategies that include selection, optimisation and compensation (SOC) as underlying mechanisms for age differences. Methods: In N = 265 employees of a national railway company (aged 19–64 years), intentions, planning, SOC strategy use and physical activity were assessed at baseline (Time 1) and again 1 month later (Time 2). Hypotheses were tested in two different path models. Results: Age moderates the extent to which planning mediates the intention–behaviour relation due to an increasing strength of the planning–behaviour link. As a possible psychological mechanism for these age differences, we identified SOC strategy use as a mediator of the age by planning interaction effect on physical activity. Conclusion: These findings suggest differential mechanisms in behaviour regulation in young and middle-aged individuals. 相似文献
830.
Shared Leadership and Innovation: The Role of Vertical Leadership and Employee Integrity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Julia E. Hoch 《Journal of business and psychology》2013,28(2):159-174