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971.
Two experiments are reported which investigated how subject gender and time-of-day influenced the estimation of duration and
the perception of task-related mental workload. In the first experiment, 24 subjects performed a filled time-estimation task
in a constant blacked-out, noise-reduced environment at 0800h, 1200h, 1600h, and 2000h, respectively. In the second experiment,
12 different subjects performed an unfilled time estimation task in similar conditions at 0900h, 1400h, and 1900h. At the
termination of all experimental sessions, participants completed the NASA Task Load Index workload assessment questionnaire
as a measure of perceived mental workload. Results indicated that physiological response, reflected in body temperature change,
followed an expected pattern of sequential increase with time-of-day. However, estimates of duration and the perception of
mental workload showed no significant effects for time-of-day. In each of the experiments there were significant differences
in time estimation and mental workload response contingent on the gender of the participant. These results are interpreted
in light of the previous positive findings for circadian fluctuation in performance efficiency and the equivocal findings
of a gender difference in time estimation. A unifying account of these collective results is given based on gender by time-of-day
interactional effects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Anaheim, CA, October,
1988. 相似文献
972.
973.
This study sought to investigate the effects of mild head injury on a particular type of cognitive ability, verbal analogical
reasoning. The performance of 19 individuals with head injuries was compared to a group of 30 control subjects matched for
age, education, and gender on 100 verbal analogies. Solution times and error rates were modeled. Unstandardized regression
weights for individual subjects were correlated with subjects’ performance on a number of standardized ability tests. Results
showed that compared to the control subjects, the head injured subjects: (a) were significantly slower to solve the analogies,
and were particularly slow to perform certain processes: encoding/inference and comparison; (b) tended to show greater variability
in performance; and (c) had data that had a poorer componential model fit. The data suggest that analogical reasoning is affected
by a head injury, and that certain information processes may be responsible for performance deficits. 相似文献
974.
Valerie P. Hans 《Current Psychology》1992,2(3):283-299
A comparative survey of jury selection practices in Britain and the United States indicates that the two countries differ
along a number of dimensions, including the emphasis on the jury selection process in the trial, the amount and type of information
available about prospective jurors, and the frequency with which trial lawyers alter the composition of the jury. The probable
impact of these differences is analysed by considering the importance of jury composition in determining a jury’s verdict,
the effectiveness of lawyers in exercising their challenges, and broader effects of jury selection procedures in the two countries. 相似文献
975.
M. S. Singer 《Current Psychology》1992,11(2):128-144
This study attempted to apply the relative deprivation theory to preferential selection research. Two questions were addressed
in this context: First, does preferential selection cause feelings of injustice or deprivation? and, second, can the magnitude
of such feelings of injustice be predicted? A questionnaire was designed to assess fairness perceptions of all types of selection
outcomes: preferential selection; together with selection involving discrimination against minorities and selections without
either forms of discrimination. Results showed that preferential selection caused feelings of injustice. The level of felt
injustice associated with preferential selection was identical to that due to discrimination against minorities. Further,
the magnitude of felt injustice due to preferential selection could be predicted by the size of the discrepancy in “performance-relevant
merits” between the selected minority candidate and the unsuccessful majority candidate. The study also compared effects of
the “self-other” comparison process, used in previous relative deprivation research, and a “other-other” comparison process
on justice perception. Implications of the results for the application of relative deprivation theory to preferential selection
research were discussed. 相似文献
976.
Psychological knowledge from eye-witness research is applied here to the particular problem of reporting road accidents. Thereby
the paper highlights some of the assumptions in eye-witness research. The interface between that research and the reporting
of road accidents is examined by reference to existing social psychological notions. These are notions about questioning and
about hypothesis testing. The paper makes special reference to the questioning of child witnesses because problems therein
are particularly acute. 相似文献
977.
Social psychological theories of the self postulate mechanisms through which individuals interpret their life experiences to ensure positive self-evaluation. This framework was applied to a sample of aging women (N = 120, M age = 74.9 years) who had experienced community relocation. The authors measured their reasons for moving (push factors), reasons for selecting the new setting, (pull factors), and interpretive mechanisms, including how they compared with others in their new setting, how they were viewed by significant others following the move, how their behaviors changed following relocation, and whether the above evaluations occurred in life domains central to their sense of self. Regression analyses showed that push-pull factors and interpretive mechanisms accounted for substantial variance in multiple aspects of psychological well-being, particularly environmental mastery, purpose in life, and positive relations with others. 相似文献
978.
979.
980.
Mikawa JK Morones PA Gomez A Case HL Olsen D Gonzales-huss MJ 《Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences》1992,14(4):421-433
Hispanic Americans have one of the highest rates of HIV seroprevalence among all ethnics groups in the US, with high rates being especially noticeable among women and children. Were it known which cultural factors have the most influence on whether Hispanics engage in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission, prevention interventions could be targeted accordingly. To that end, this study was mounted to identify which Hispanic cultural factors relate to condom use. 117 males and 73 females aged 17-56 years of mean age 25.67 were surveyed in Washoe county, Nevada. These mostly young adults had recently immigrated to the western US. It was initially posited that fate orientation, male- female relationships, family relationships, machismo behavior, and religion would have equal influence with respect to condom use. Analysis found that condom use was largely associated with and determined by men who are the principal buyers of condoms. A machismo attitude toward protecting women by using condoms was also associated with condom use. Neither fate orientation with respect to AIDS, nor religion were important determinants of condom use, even though 86.5% of the respondents were Catholic. The degree to which respondents adhered to traditional Hispanic cultural values was influenced by the degree of education and acculturation. On the basis of these findings, the authors suggest targeting AIDS prevention messages to males, while emphasizing the protection of women through condom use. They also suggest that both education and acculturation levels be assessed before implementing prevention programs. 相似文献