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961.
Between-study comparisons of benzodiazepine and anticholinergic drugs on working memory suggest that anticholinergics may
produce greater impairment in maintenance processes, whereas benzodiazepines may produce greater impairment in manipulation
processes. This study directly compared acute effects of the benzodiazepine lorazepam (1.0 and 2.0 mg/70 kg, orally administered)
and the anticholinergic scopolamine (0.25 and 0.50 mg/ 70 kg, subcutaneously administered) on working memory maintenance (storage
and rehearsal) and manipulation processes in a placebo-controlled, double-dummy, double-blind, crossover design in 20 healthy
volunteers. Using a modified Sternberg paradigm, storage, rehearsal, and manipulation processes were parametrically manipulated
by varying memory load, delay between stimulus presentation and test, and number of operations performed on the letter strings,
respectively, while controlling for drug effects on nonmemory processes. As predicted, the results suggested greater impairment
in maintenance processes (rehearsal) with scopolamine than with lorazepam and greater impairment in manipulation processes
with lorazepam than with scopolamine. In addition, the results suggested greater overall slowing of working memory processes
with lorazepam. 相似文献
962.
963.
Richard S. Balkin Lewis Z. Schlosser Dana Heller Levitt 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2009,87(4):420-427
In this article, the authors present the results from a national study investigating the relationships between religious identity, sexism, homophobia, and multicultural competence. Participants were 111 randomly sampled counseling professionals and graduate students. The results indicated a relationship between religious identity and various aspects of valuing cultural diversity, including sexism, homophobia, and multicultural competence. Implications of the role of religion and religious identity in counseling are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided. 相似文献
964.
John Z. Sadler Fabrice Jotterand Simon Craddock Lee Stephen Inrig 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(6):411-425
Medicalization has been a process articulated primarily by social scientists, historians, and cultural critics. Comparatively
little is written about the role of bioethics in appraising medicalization as a social process. The authors consider what
medicalization means, its definition, functions, and criteria for assessment. A series of brief case sketches illustrate how
bioethics can contribute to the analysis and public policy discussion of medicalization. 相似文献
965.
Annette K. Griffith Alexandra L. Trout M. Beth Chmelka Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer Michael H. Epstein Robert Reid Jonathan C. Huefner Debbie Orduna 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):31-38
Although females represent almost half of all youth involved in residential care in the US, very little is known about this
population. In order to examine differences in characteristics of male (n = 308) and female (n = 180) youth departing from residential care, data were collected on 488 youth from a large residential treatment facility
in the Midwest. Gender differences were assessed on 16 variables measured at the time of departure across family, education,
behavior, and departure domains. Overall, male and female youth departing from residential care were very similar for measures
collected at the time of departure. Only three variables (GPA at departure, number of school referrals during the previous
8 weeks, and planned departure) were found to be significantly different between males and females. Implications for future
research and the provision of aftercare services are discussed. 相似文献
966.
Parents’ Autobiographical Narratives: Setting Events for Their Contemplation of Mindful Changes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert G. Wahler Judy Singh Nirbhay N. Singh 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(5):520-529
The ability to tell a coherent and rich story about one’s personal life is an important marker of an individual’s capacity
and willingness to contemplate personal change. We review research on correlations between the coherence of parents’ narrative
accounts of life experiences and their responsiveness during interactions with their children. Based on this review, we explore
ideas about the nature of narrative coherence, how parents might be taught to improve this structural feature when telling
their stories, and why a well constructed story might enhance the parents’ objective study of the here and now. We discuss
how the effects of narrative restructuring may enable parents to be more cognitively mindful of their interactions with their
children. We present our speculations in the spirit of promoting discussion of new clinical strategies for parents and new
research strategies aimed at experimental analyses of observed connections between parent narratives and their willingness
to contemplate personal change. 相似文献
967.
Why are snakes such a common target of fear? One current view is that snake fear is one of several innate fears that emerge spontaneously. Another is that humans have an evolved predisposition to learn to fear snakes. In the first study reported here, 9‐ to 10‐month‐old infants showed no differential spontaneous reaction to films of snakes versus other animals. In the second study, 7‐ to 18‐month‐old infants associated snakes with fear: As predicted, they looked longer at films of snakes while listening to a frightened human voice than while listening to a happy voice. In the third study, infants did not look differentially to still photos of snakes and other animals, indicating that movement is crucial to infants’ association of snakes with fear. These results offer support for the view that humans have a natural tendency to selectively associate snakes with fear. 相似文献
968.
Shachar Hochman Zahira Z. Cohen Mattan S. Ben-Shachar Avishai Henik 《Cognitive Science》2020,44(8):e12880
Representations of the fingers are embodied in our cognition and influence performance in enumeration tasks. Among deaf signers, the fingers also serve as a tool for communication in sign language. Previous studies in normal hearing (NH) participants showed effects of embodiment (i.e., embodied numerosity) on tactile enumeration using the fingers of one hand. In this research, we examined the influence of extensive visuo-manual use on tactile enumeration among the deaf. We carried out four enumeration task experiments, using 1–5 stimuli, on a profoundly deaf group (n = 16) and a matching NH group (n = 15): (a) tactile enumeration using one hand, (b) tactile enumeration using two hands, (c) visual enumeration of finger signs, and (d) visual enumeration of dots. In the tactile tasks, we found salient embodied effects in the deaf group compared to the NH group. In the visual enumeration of finger signs task, we controlled the meanings of the stimuli presentation type (e.g., finger-counting habit, fingerspelled letters, both or neither). Interestingly, when comparing fingerspelled letters to neutrals (i.e., not letters or numerical finger-counting signs), an inhibition pattern was observed among the deaf. The findings uncover the influence of rich visuo-manual experiences and language on embodied representations. In addition, we propose that these influences can partially account for the lag in mathematical competencies in the deaf compared to NH peers. Lastly, we further discuss how our findings support a contemporary model for mental numerical representations and finger-counting habits. 相似文献
969.
Neuropsychology Review - The cerebellum facilitates and modulates cognitive functions using forward and inverse internal models to predict and control behavior, respectively. Despite neuroimaging... 相似文献
970.