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The current research examined task difficulty and affect activation level as factors that determine the relevance of affect as information in a performance context. Participants viewed a series of pictures designed to elicit an affective state that was high or low in activation and positive or negative in valence. They completed an easy or difficult anagram task and then rated their satisfaction with their performance. Analyses revealed that low activation affect was used as information for judging one's performance on the difficult task and high activation affect was used as information for judging one's performance on the easy task. In these cases, the valence of participants' affect influenced their judgments about their performance, such that positive affect resulted in greater satisfaction. These findings suggest that affective states with activation levels that match one's typical level of energy after a particular task are seen as more relevant for judging one's performance. 相似文献
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Judy Gammelgaard 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2013,36(1):11-21
A discussion of the unconscious leads naturally to Freud and to a theory on subjectivity we may designate as de-centred. The unconscious reminds us that not only do we not know ourselves. In the core of our subjectivity, we have to acknowledge the notion of otherness. Re-reading Freud's text, The Unconscious, from 1915, the current author emphasises the character and function of the unconscious as radically different from what we know about conscious processes. This allows for the concept of the preconscious, which the author links to Winnicott's intermediary area and Green's tertiary processes. Taking as point of departure Freud's differentiation of word presentation and thing presentation, the author points to Freud's introduction of the term thing-cathexies of the object as designating the primal psychic representation. The Freudian perspective is broadened, encompassing the notion of otherness as discussed by Laplanche and Aulagnier. Concluding the paper, the author draws some implications for psychoanalytic technique, focusing especially on transference. 相似文献
176.
Judy Gammelgaard 《Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review》2013,36(2):124-128
This paper is a short exposition of Freud's concept of the sexual drive. My motivation for going back once more to the first introduction of sexuality understood as drive is the seeming lack of interest in the classical concept in much contemporary psychoanalytical thinking. To my mind, this prevents us from finding satisfactory solutions to such concepts as narcissism, sublimation and even the emergence and unfolding of the ego. Reading for example Winnicott's enchanting account of play, one gets the impression that Winnicott saw playing as something separate from instinctual satisfaction, from sexual fantasying and from physical sensation. Looking at this important activity in the life of young children from the point of view of drive theory, one might argue, that here we see one of the first expressions of sublimation. However, in order to fully understand this, I found it necessary to undertake a re-reading of Freud's theory of the sexual drive. 相似文献
177.
Andrews JA Hampson SE Greenwald AG Gordon J Widdop C 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(9):2387-2406
The development and psychometric properties of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicit attitude toward smoking among fifth grade children were described. The IAT with "sweets" as the contrast category resulted in higher correlations with explicit attitudes than did the IAT with "healthy foods" as the contrast category. Children with family members who smoked (versus non-smoking) and children who were high in sensation seeking (versus low) had a significantly more favorable implicit attitude toward smoking. Further, implicit attitudes became less favorable after engaging in tobacco prevention activities targeting risk perceptions of addiction. Results support the reliability and validity of this version of the IAT and illustrate its usefulness in assessing young children's implicit attitude toward smoking. 相似文献
178.
Angela D. Adkins Ashvind N. Singh Alan S. W. Winton Gerald F. McKeegan Judy Singh 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(2):175-183
Maladaptive behaviors, such as aggressive and disruptive behaviors, are a significant risk factor for maintaining community
placement by individuals with intellectual disabilities. When experienced researchers provide training to individuals with
intellectual disabilities on a mindfulness-based strategy, Meditation on the Soles of the Feet, the individuals are able to effectively self-manage their maladaptive behaviors. We investigated whether similar effectiveness
would be found if community-based therapists provided the training to similar individuals living in the community. Three adults
with mild intellectual disabilities and mental illness living in the community were taught by a community-based therapist
to use this strategy to control maladaptive behaviors that included verbal aggression, disruptive behavior and physical aggression.
They were taught to shift the focus of their attention from the negative emotions that triggered their maladaptive behavior
to a neutral stimulus, the soles of their feet. All three individuals were able to reduce their maladaptive behaviors to near-zero
levels and maintain their community placement that they had been at risk for losing, due to their maladaptive behavior. Subjective
measures of various psychological symptoms showed a reduction in two of the individuals. Our study suggests that the demonstrated
effectiveness of Meditation on the Soles of the Feet can be achieved by a community-based therapist. 相似文献
179.
The ability to quickly detect potential threat is an important survival mechanism for humans and other animals. Past research has established that adults have an attentional bias for the detection of threat-relevant stimuli, including snakes and spiders as well as angry human faces. Recent studies have documented that preschool children also detect the presence of threatening stimuli more quickly than various non-threatening stimuli. Here we report the first evidence that this attentional bias is present even in infancy. In two experiments, 8- to 14-month-old infants responded more rapidly to snakes than to flowers and more rapidly to angry than to happy faces. These data provide the first evidence of enhanced visual detection of threat-relevant stimuli in infants and hence offer especially strong support for the existence of a general bias for the detection of threat in humans. 相似文献
180.
Nicole T. Gabana Judy L. Van Raalte Jasmin C. Hutchinson Britton W. Brewer Albert J. Petitpas 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(3):288-300
Music has often been portrayed as a dissociative (i.e., distracting) mechanism. This study demonstrates that music may not be unifunctional in regards to attentional focus; that is, external concentration on music can coexist with task-relevant thoughts. Female intercollegiate rowers (N = 26) performed four 1,000 m sprints on a rowing ergometer at maximal effort under music, coxswain, combined music and coxswain, and control conditions. Findings indicate that during the 1,000 m rowing sprint, both external and task-relevant dimensions of attentional focus can exist simultaneously. This implies a new consideration of music as either dissociative or associative based on task-related factors. 相似文献