Matching faces and expressions in pixelated and blurred photos

Matching the emotional expressions of pairs of face photos was slower with pixelated and blurred photos than with original, untransformed photos. Matching the identities of the same face pairs was unaffected by pixelation and blurring. Because pixelation and blurring degrade higher spatial frequencies carrying edge-based information that define feature shape more than lower frequencies carrying configural properties, these findings converge with findings for line drawings and negative photos in showing that expression and face recognition processes differ in their reliance on edge-based and configural information.     

Get the picture? The effects of iconicity on toddlers' reenactment from picture books

What do toddlers learn from everyday picture-book reading interactions? To date, there has been scant research exploring this question. In this study, the authors adapted a standard imitation procedure to examine 18- to 30-month-olds' ability to learn how to reenact a novel action sequence from a picture book. The results provide evidence that toddlers can imitate specific target actions on novel real-world objects on the basis of a picture-book interaction. Children's imitative performance after the reading interaction varied both as a function of age and the level of iconicity of the pictures in the book. These findings are discussed in terms of children's emerging symbolic capacity and the flexibility of the cognitive representation.     

A comparison of MMPI-2 high-point coding strategies

High-point coding refers to the popular practice of classifying Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1983) profiles based on which clinical scales are the most elevated. A previous review of high-point code studies (McGrath & Ingersoll, 1999a) noted marked discrepancies across studies in the rules used to define high-point codes. This study was conducted to evaluate the costs and benefits of different strategies for high-point coding. The impact of 4 rules for high-point coding on effect sizes and group sizes was evaluated. The 4 rules included requiring a minimum elevation, excluding potentially invalid protocols, restricting coding to well-defined codes, and replacing the lower scale in infrequently occurring codes with the next most elevated scale. The evidence supported the clinical utility of requiring a minimum elevation for code scales. The results were more equivocal concerning the value of well-defined coding and for not replacing the lower scale in infrequent codes. Results were surprisingly negative concerning the utility of excluding potentially invalid protocols, suggesting that guidelines developed in situations in which there is a clear motivation to distort results may not generalize to other settings.     

Social dominance mediates the association of testosterone and neurobehavioral disinhibition with risk for substance use disorder.

This investigation determined the influence of testosterone and neurobehavioral disinhibition (ND) on risk for substance use disorder (SUD). Testosterone level during puberty was hypothesized to promote social dominance associated with norm-violating behavior that, in turn, predisposes individuals to use of illicit drugs and, subsequently, SUD. Using a prospective paradigm, the authors recruited 179 boys (mean age=11.62 years, SD=0.88) and followed up when participants were ages 12-14, 16, 19, and 22. Results indicated that social dominance/norm-violating behavior (SD/NVB) at age 16 mediated the association between testosterone level (ages 12-14) and SUD (age 22). In addition, SD/NVB mediated the association between ND and SUD. These findings suggest that development of SUD is influenced by androgen-dependent and neurobehavioral processes via a social motivational style characterized by SD/NVB.     

Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health

ABSTRACT— Social neuroscience is a new, interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. Social neuroscience capitalizes on biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social behavior, and it uses social and behavioral constructs and data to inform and refine theories of neural organization and function. We focus here on the progress and potential of social neuroscience in the area of mental health. Research in social neuroscience has grown dramatically in recent years. Among the most active areas of research we found are brain-imaging studies in normal children and adults; animal models of social behavior; studies of stroke patients; imaging studies of psychiatric patients; and research on social determinants of peripheral neural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes. We also found that these areas of research are proceeding along largely independent trajectories. Our goals in this article are to review the development of this field, examine some currently promising approaches, identify obstacles and opportunities for future advances and integration, and consider how this research can inform work on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.     

Planes, trains, automobiles--and tea sets: extremely intense interests in very young children

Some normally developing young children show an intense, passionate interest in a particular category of objects or activities. The present article documents the existence of extremely intense interests that emerge very early in life and establishes some of the basic parameters of the phenomenon. Surveys and interviews with 177 parents revealed that nearly one third of young children have extremely intense interests. The nature of these intense interests is described, with particular focus on their emergence, commonalities in the content of the interests, and the reactions of other people to them. One of the most striking findings is a large gender difference: Extremely intense interests are much more common for young boys than for girls.