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911.
In light of recent research highlighting the potential effects of children’s behavior on mothers’ mental health, the current
study examined 679 mothers and their adolescent children from a community-based sample to determine the effects of youth psychopathology
on maternal depression and levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives. It was hypothesized that the number of past clinical
diagnoses in 15-year-old adolescents would predict the presence of maternal depression at youth age 15 and 5 years later,
as well as more episodes of maternal depression during the follow-up period. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that increased
levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives would mediate these relationships. Regression analyses indicated that past
youth diagnoses do confer risk for the presence of current and future maternal depression, as well as more episodes of maternal
depression, and mediation analyses revealed that child-related acute and chronic stress were mediators of the relationship
between youth diagnoses and the presence of maternal depression at follow-up. Findings suggest that increased levels of child-related
objective stress in mothers’ lives are one mechanism by which children’s psychopathology affects mothers’ future risk for
depression. 相似文献
912.
This research examines the relationship between behavioural inhibition (BI), family environment (overinvolved and negative
parenting, parental anxiety and parent-child attachment) and anxiety in a sample of 202 preschool children. Participants were
aged between 3 years 2 months and 4 years 5 months, 101 were male. A thorough methodology was used that incorporated data
from multiple observations of behaviour, diagnostic interviews and questionnaire measures. The results showed that children
categorised as behaviourally inhibited were significantly more likely to meet criteria for a range of anxiety diagnoses. Furthermore,
a wide range of family environment factors, including maternal anxiety, parenting and attachment were significantly associated
with BI, with inhibited children more likely to experience adverse family environment factors. No interactions between temperament
and family environment were found for child anxiety. However, a significant relationship between current maternal anxiety
and child anxiety was found consistently even after controlling for BI. Additionally, there was some evidence of a relationship
between maternal negativity and child anxiety, after controlling for BI. The results may suggest that temperament and family
environment operate as additive, rather than interactive risk factors for child anxiety. This is discussed in the context
of theoretical models of child anxiety and directions for future research. 相似文献
913.
This study examines factors that influence memory for details about people. In two experiments, subjects learned fictitious
details about familiar (friends, relatives) and/or unfamiliar individuals, and were tested both immediately and after a 1-week
delay. To control for a confounding between familiarity and genetic relatedness in Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 specific relationships (identical twin, first cousin, acquaintance) were assigned to unfamiliar individuals. Across experiments,
retention was enhanced for familiar compared to unfamiliar individuals, for friends/acquaintances compared to relatives, for
more closely than distantly related individuals, and for individuals of the opposite gender as the subject. 相似文献
914.
van der Vaart E Verbrugge R Hemelrijk CK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2011,37(3):330-340
Caching and recovery of food by corvids is well-studied, but some ambiguous results remain. To help clarify these, we built a computational cognitive model. It is inspired by similar models built for humans, and it assumes that memory strength depends on frequency and recency of use. We compared our model's behavior to that of real birds in previously published experiments. Our model successfully replicated the outcomes of two experiments on recovery behavior and two experiments on cache site choice. Our "virtual birds" reproduced declines in recovery accuracy across sessions, revisits to previously emptied cache sites, a lack of correlation between caching and recovery order, and a preference for caching in safe locations. The model also produced two new explanations. First, that Clark's nutcrackers may become less accurate as recovery progresses not because of differential memory for different cache sites, as was once assumed, but because of chance effects. And second, that Western scrub jays may choose their cache sites not on the basis of negative recovery experiences only, as was previously thought, but on the basis of positive recovery experiences instead. Alternatively, both "punishment" and "reward" may be playing a role. We conclude with a set of new insights, a testable prediction, and directions for future work. 相似文献
915.
Bougie E Usborne E de la Sablonnière R Taylor DM 《The British journal of social psychology / the British Psychological Society》2011,50(4):726-746
Responding to calls to contextualize social psychological variables in history, the present research examines the relationship between collective relative deprivation and collective esteem using a historical perspective. We hypothesized that collective relative deprivation perceived to be experienced during an important low-point in a group's history serves to define the group's current collective identity, which is in turn associated with collective esteem. In Study 1, cultural narrative interviews were conducted with Francophone and Anglophone Quebecers in order to identify key historical chapters for these groups and to examine the extent to which historical low-points were identity-defining features of their narratives. In Study 2, using the information obtained from these narratives, collective relative deprivation was explored across group members' perceived histories and related to current in-group entitativity and collective esteem. The relationship between collective relative deprivation thought to be experienced by one's group during a historical low-point and collective esteem was positive for both Anglophone and Francophone Quebecers and was mediated by in-group entitativity. Collective relative deprivation perceived to be experienced during a historical low-point serves to define one's collective identity, which is in turn associated with greater collective esteem. 相似文献
916.
Adriaanse MA Gollwitzer PM De Ridder DT de Wit JB Kroese FM 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2011,37(4):502-513
Implementation intentions specifying the replacement of a habitual response with an alternative response in a critical situation can overrule habits. In three experiments the cognitive effects of such counterhabitual implementation intentions were investigated. Results showed that implementation intentions eliminated the cognitive advantage of the habitual means in the "horse race" with the alternative response. That is, in the control condition, the habitual means was more accessible than the alternative means on encountering the critical situation, but this was no longer the case when implementation intentions were formulated. However, the cognitive advantage of the habitual means was not immediately replaced by an automatic activation of the alternative means. This suggests that formulating counterhabitual implementation intentions increases individuals' flexibility to choose which behavior to perform in the critical situation but that actual behavior will depart from their habits only to the extent that individuals have strong alternative goal intentions. 相似文献
917.
The authors test predictions from climato-economic theories of culture that climate and wealth interact in their influence on psychological processes. Demanding climates (defined as colder than temperate and hotter than temperate climates) create potential threats for humans. If these demands can be met by available economic resources, individuals experience challenging opportunities for self-expression and personal growth and consequently will report lowest levels of ill-being. If threatening climatic demands cannot be met by resources, resulting levels of reported ill-being will be highest. These predictions are confirmed in nation-level means of health complaints, burnout, anxiety, and depression across 58 societies. Climate, wealth, and their interaction together account for 35% of the variation in overall subjective ill-being, even when controlling for known predictors of subjective well-being. Further investigations of the process suggest that cultural individualism does not mediate these effects, but subjective well-being may function as a mediator of the impact of ecological variables on ill-being. 相似文献
918.
Meijssen D Wolf MJ van Bakel H Koldewijn K Kok J van Baar A 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(1):72-80
Objective
For very preterm infants the mother-infant relationship may be compromised. Maternal attachment representations 18 (corrected) months after very preterm birth and the effect of the post-discharge Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program (IBAIP) were studied. The IBAIP is designed to assist parents to support and enhance their infant's regulatory competence and development. The intervention consisted of 6-8 home visits during the first 8 months after birth.Method
Seventy-eight mothers of very preterm infants (<32 weeks and/or <1500 g) were interviewed, who participated in a randomized controlled trial: 41 from the intervention group and 37 from the control group. Maternal attachment representations were assessed with the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI). The interviews resulted in a classification of the attachment representations into balanced or non-balanced.Results
30% of the mothers had non-balanced attachment representations. Qualitative content analysis of the answers showed that negative feelings when first seeing their baby and negative or ambivalent feelings in the first weeks at home with their baby are related to non-balanced attachment representations. The WMCI revealed no differences between the intervention and control group.Conclusion
Early support for mothers of very preterm born infants to develop a healthy mother-infant relationship is recommended especially for mothers who report negative first experiences. 相似文献919.
Adaptive self-regulatory responses to negative events are associated with good mental health, social functioning, and physical
health. Two forms of emotion regulation that have received attention within the context of anger are cognitive reappraisal
and expressive suppression. Research suggests that greater heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological indicator of adaptive
emotion regulation and decreased mental load. In the present experiment, we recorded HRV while 131 undergraduate women viewed
an anger-inducing video of a fellow student arguing for a position counter to that of the participant on an important political
issue. Immediately prior to viewing, participants were instructed to reappraise, suppress their emotions, or simply watch
the video as normal. Participants in the reappraisal condition showed increased HRV whereas those in the suppression and control
condition showed no such increase. These results provide support for increased HRV as a biological correlate of adaptive emotion
regulation. One implication is that cognitive reappraisal might afford greater autonomic flexibility when an individual is
confronted with anger-inducing events. 相似文献
920.
The present study assessed preferential attentional processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli in two procedures, Search and
Interference tasks, which have been suggested to reflect on attentional capture due to the fear-relevance of the stimuli presented.
In the Search task, participants (N = 154) searched fear-relevant (i.e., snakes and spiders) and non fear-relevant (i.e.,
fish and birds) backgrounds to determine the presence or absence of a deviant animal from the opposite category. In the Interference
task, the same participants searched for the presence or absence of a neutral target (a cat) when either a snake, spider or
no distracter were embedded amongst backgrounds of other animal stimuli. Replicating previous findings, preferential attentional
processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli was evident in both procedures and participants who specifically feared one animal
but not the other showed enhanced preferential processing of their feared fear-relevant animal. However, across the entire
sample, there was no relationship between self-reported levels of animal fear and preferential processing which may reflect
on the fact that substantial preferential attentional processing of fear-relevant animals was evident in the entire sample.
Also, preferential attentional processing as assessed in the two tasks was not related. Delayed disengagement from fear-relevant
stimuli appeared to underlie performance in the search task but not in the interference task. 相似文献