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991.
Judith M. Gerson 《Political psychology》2001,22(1):179-198
Recent critiques of the identity literature have bemoaned the lack of clarity in conceptualizations of identity. R. W. Connell's (1987) theory of practice and Dorothy Smith's (1987, pp. 88–97) notion of "the everyday as problematic" provide the foundation for articulating the construct of identity practices. Identity practices refer to the routine actions and ways of thinking, as well as the representations of those acts and thoughts, that enable people to claim collective identities. Although identity practices mark group membership, they also signal marginality to or exclusion from other groups. This paper explores the importance of understanding identity practices at micro levels of interaction as well as macro-level structures and dominant culture narratives. The specific empirical focus—on German Jewish immigrants who fled Nazi Germany and arrived in the United States by 1945—enables an interrogation of the meanings associated with national identity practices. 相似文献
992.
David H. Silvera Tor Neilands & Judith A. Perry 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2001,42(5):417-427
Although global self-esteem has historically been assumed to be a unidimensional construct, recent theory and research has challenged this assumption. Instead, it has been suggested that self-esteem might more fruitfully be viewed as a two-dimensional construct composed of: (a) self-liking, based on our perceptions of feedback from our social environment; and (b) self-competence, based on our internal conceptions of success and failure in performing tasks. The Self-Liking and Competence Scale (SLCS) is a self-esteem measure that has recently been developed based on this two-dimensional conceptualization of self-esteem. The purpose of the present research was to validate a Norwegian translation of the SLCS. 372 participants were given a translated version of the SLCS, and the translated scale exhibited psychometric properties similar to those of the original English version of the scale. 相似文献
993.
Norman S. Endler Rachel L. Speer Judith M. Johnson Gordon L. Flett 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(1):36-52
The present investigation employed a general measure of self-efficacy, a measure of perceived control, and items relating
to expectation and evaluation (pre and post). The purpose was to determine whether general self-efficacy or perceived control
best predicted the criterion variables of state anxiety and performance on a stressful cognitive task (solving anagrams) under
conditions of high versus low control. These relationships were tested under the experimental conditions of high and low objective
control (i.e., the actual control afforded by the situation). Results showed that general self-efficacy, relative to perceived
control was a better predictor of state anxiety in the high and low control conditions but neither predicted actual performance.
Participants’ expectations of task difficulty, their own performance, and their performance relative to the performance of
others taken before the task were compared with their evaluations of difficulty and performance after completing the task.
Participants indicated that the task was easier than anticipated, but rated their own performance more poorly after completion
of the task.
The study reported in this article was supported, in part, by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Grant No. 410-94-1473
to Norman S. Endler. 相似文献
994.
Economic deprivation,experiential deprivation and social loneliness in unemployed and employed youth
One hundred and forty‐eight youth were allocated to one of four occupational sub‐groups: 47 unemployed with no access to paid work; 32 unemployed with access to some paid work; 30 unemployed with access to regular paid work; and 39 full‐time employed. All participants were assessed for levels of Economic Deprivation, Experiential Deprivation, Social Loneliness and Psychological Distress. Results indicated that Economic Deprivation and Experiential Deprivation varied according to occupational status, with those full‐time employed having the least deprivation and those not attached to the work‐force experiencing the most. Levels of deprivation were related to levels of Psychological Distress. Social Loneliness also varied across the occupational groupings. The unemployed with access to regular paid work experienced the least Social Loneliness; the unemployed with no paid work experienced the most. Lastly, both Economic and Experiential Deprivation were able to predict Psychological Distress; only Experiential Deprivation was able to predict Social Loneliness. Results are discussed in the context of Jahoda's ( 1982 ) deprivation model and Weiss's ( 1973 , 1974 ) social loneliness model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
Judith Schoenholtz-Read 《Journal of Psychotherapy Integration》2001,11(4):427-452
A group-based theoretical integration model presented in this journal (F. Knobloch, 1996) is elaborated in practice. The core aspects of the group-based system are described and illustrated with clinical examples as they apply to a modified therapeutic community: (a) the creation of the therapeutic world to represent real life and its multiple realities; (b) the group schema model as a context for problem identification and exploration; (c) the collaboration between therapists and group members; (d) the exploration and experimentation of problems through individual and group tasks; and (e) the transfer of new behaviors to real life situations and (f) the systematic application of major psychotherapy theories and techniques. 相似文献
996.
Explaining Math: Gesturing Lightens the Load 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Susan Goldin-Meadow Howard Nusbaum Spencer D. Kelly & Susan Wagner 《Psychological science》2001,12(6):516-522
Why is it that people cannot keep their hands still when they talk? One reason may be that gesturing actually lightens cognitive load while a person is thinking of what to say. We asked adults and children to remember a list of letters or words while explaining how they solved a math problem. Both groups remembered significantly more items when they gestured during their math explanations than when they did not gesture. Gesturing appeared to save the speakers' cognitive resources on the explanation task, permitting the speakers to allocate more resources to the memory task. It is widely accepted that gesturing reflects a speaker's cognitive state, but our observations suggest that, by reducing cognitive load, gesturing may also play a role in shaping that state. 相似文献
997.
Joke H. M. Tulen Wim H. Groeneveld Judith H. G. J. K. Romers Sander J. A. de Vries Ben J. M. van de Wetering 《Behavior research methods》2001,33(3):357-363
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterizedby recurrent and involuntary tics, in addition
to complex behavioral symptoms. Objective quantification of the nonspecific movements in Tourette patients can contribute
much to understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. We used three accelerometersto characterizehead movement patterns
and to objectively quantify head motility in the lateral, sagittal, and transversal planes in 9 Tourette patients and 14 controls
during periods of rest, conversation, and watching a videotape with an entertaining program. Characteristic head movement
patterns can be documented by means of accelerometry. Head motility levels in the lateral, sagittal, and transversal planes
were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls during all the procedures. The patients and the controls showed
a similar significant increase in head motility during conversation, but not during video watching. This first study shows
that for both standardized and ambulatory research, accelerometry may provide an objective tool by which to quantify the severity
and temporal dynamics of tics or nonspecific movements. 相似文献
998.
Maxine Petersen Judith Stephens Robert Dickey Wendy Lewis 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1996,14(2):219-229
This survey examined policies of correctional facilities as they relate to transsexual inmates in the European Community as well as Australia, Canada and the United States. Where formal policies were reported, we inquired into whether these policies addressed the following issues: is hormonal therapy provided and if so under what conditions; are transsexual inmates at greater risk of physical or sexual assault; is surgery ever available to those in the prison system; and are placement decisions of corrections departments influenced by surgical status. We found that only 40% of correctional services departments had either formal or informal policies which addressed issues such as hormone treatment. While more than half of correctional services departments would not initiate hormone therapy, almost half would maintain previously prescribed hormone treatment. Genital status was the overwhelming factor in determining placement in a men's or women's prison. There was no consensus on the risk of either physical or sexual assault of transsexual inmates. The 60% of respondents without formal or informal policies were largely consistent in asserting that policy is developed and implemented on a case management basis in the best interests of the institution and the inmate. 相似文献
999.
Maternal sensitivity may be even more important for the development of deaf infants' social and cognitive competence than previous research has shown it to be for hearing children. We report ratings of mothers' sensitivity and infants' time in coordinated joint attention (CJA) during play interactions video-taped in a laboratory at 9,12 and 18 months. Participants include 80 dyads in four groups: two matched for hearing status (Deaf or Hearing mothers with deaf or hearing babies), two unmatched for hearing status (Deaf mothers/hearing babies and Hearing mothers/deaf babies). Mothers in matched dyads were rated more sensitive than mothers in unmatched dyads. Deaf infants with Deaf mothers showed more time in CJA compared to infants in unmatched dyads. However, significant correlations of sensitivity and attention were found only for the two unmatched hearing status groups at 18 months. These results are discussed in terms of dyadic hearing status differences, intuitive parenting and developmental stage. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
1000.
The study examined two questions: (1) do the greater phonological awareness skills of billinguals affect reading performance;
(2) to what extent do the orthographic characteristics of a language influence reading performance and how does this interact
with the effects of phonological awareness. We estimated phonological metalinguistic abilities and reading measures in three
groups of first graders: monolingual Hebrew speakers, bilingual Russian–Hebrew speakers, and Arabic-speaking children. We
found that language experience affects phonological awareness, as both Russian–Hebrew bilinguals and the Arabic speakers achieved
higher scores on metalinguistic tests than Hebrew speakers. Orthography affected reading measures and their correlation with
phonological abilitites. Children reading Hebrew showed better text reading ability and significant correlations between phonological
awareness and reading scores. Children reading Arabic showed a slight advantage in single word and nonword reading over the
two Hebrew reading groups, and very weak relationships between phonological abilities and reading performance. We conclude
that native Arabic speakers have more difficulty in processing Arabic orthography than Hebrew monolinguals and bilinguals
have in processing Hebrew orthography, and suggest that this is due to the additional visual complexity of Arabic orthography. 相似文献