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101.
Glenis R. Long 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1973,13(1):49-59
The role of the standard in a fixed-standard experiment of auditory amplitude discrimination was examined by varying the proportion of trials on which it was presented. The results suggest that the Os may use different perceptual strategies, depending on the availability of the standard. While they did better on trials containing a standard regardless of the proportion of such trials, their accuracy on both “standard-present” and “standard-absent” trials was positively related to the probability of the particular type of trial. These results conflict with the claim of advocates of the roving-standard paradigm that the O in the fixed-standard experiment does not use the standard but, rather, compares the variable with a long-term referent built up over many trials. The introduction of a second pair of tones, making it a random-standard experiment,, produced considerable response bias tied to the stimulus level and to an overall deterioration in performance. 相似文献
102.
The hypothesis that induction of the McCollough effect (spatially selective color aftereffects) entails adaptation of monocularly driven detectors tuned to both spatial and color attributes of the visual stimulus was examined in four experiments. The McCollough effect could not be generated by displaying contour information to one eye and color information to the other eye during inspection, even in the absence of binocular rivalry. Nor was it possible to induce depth-specific color aftereffects following an inspection period during which random-dot stereograms were viewed, with crossed and uncrossed disparity seen in different colored light. Masking and aftereffect in the perception of stereoscopic depth were also nonselective to color; in both cases, perceptual distortion was controlled by stereospatial variables but not by the color relationship between the inspection and test stimuli. The results suggest that binocularly driven spatial detectors in human vision are insensitive to wavelength. 相似文献
103.
This study investigated how group sex composition affects female and male students' perceptions of female instructors who teach in the area of counseling women. Three components of person perception were assessed: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive domain included evaluations of the instructor and the subject matter presented; the affective domain included emotional responses to the instructor and the subject matter; and the behavioral domain included actions in response to the instructor, operationalized as the number of questions asked by students. Students with some interest in a career in the helping professions viewed one of two videotapes either with a group of same-sex peers or in a group in which they were the only male or female. One tape described a gender-neutral topic (psychology and the law) and the other described a female gender-related topic (sex bias in counseling women). The same female instructor made both presentations. Students then completed the measures. As predicted, the sex composition of the student group affected person perception, especially in the affective and behavior domains. Recommendations are made for future research.This study was supported by a small grant from the University Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin. Appreciation is expressed to Sherry Fowler, Bob Haverstick, and Kathy Thomas for help with data collection and to Carolyn Bates and Ken Wilgus for coding the open-ended responses. A paper based on this research was presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, August 1987. 相似文献
104.
105.
An adaptation-test paradigm was used in two experiments examining processes underlying the perceived reversals of a rotating Necker cube. Adaptation and test cubes were either the same or different with respect to their visual fields of presentation (Experiment 1) or their sizes (Experiment 2). Results of both experiments indicated that, following subjects’ adaptation to a different cube, reversal rate of the test cube did not differ from that obtained without prior adaptation experience. In contrast, reversal rate of the test cube was elevated following adaptation to the same cube. Additional findings of Experiment 1 were that a test cube presented to the same visual field as the adaptation cube yielded a higher reversal rate than did a simultaneously presented cube in the opposite visual field. Also, the reversal rate of one cube was not influenced by the simultaneous presentation of a second cube. Results of both experiments were interpreted in terms of the fatigue and recovery of multiple, largely independent, localized neural channels. Thus, the results tie reversible-figure illusions to other visual phenomena thought to involve similar fatigue processes within localized visual channels (e.g., tilt, motion, and size aftereffects). 相似文献
106.
Following the successive presentation of two masking gratings (M1 and M2), subjects were required to detect the presence or absence of a single vertical line (TS). When the orientations of the two masks were optimal, M1 was able to reduce the masking effect of M2 on the TS. For a vertical TS, disinhibition was maximal when the orientations of M1 and M2 were similar and was minimal when the orientational difference was greater than 15 deg. It is suggested that the spatial selectivity of the disinhibition function reflects the activity of neurons tuned to orientation, and that the disinhibition masking paradigm may be a useful psychophysical technique to measure tuning functions of other feature detectors. 相似文献
107.
108.
J. Perez-Cruet James R. Jude W. Horsley Gantt 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1966,1(2):104-116
Conditioning of extrasystoles which were induced by direct electrical stimulation of the ventricular myocardium was attempted. It was found that this type of cardiac irregularity which is entirely peripheral in origin could not be conditioned. Other studies have shown that extrasystoles which are produced by stimulation of the central nervous system can be conditioned. The study supports the theory that the effect of stimuli which produce physiological changes at the periphery without intermediate involvement of the central nervous system cannot be conditioned. 相似文献
109.
Employee silence is a costly but omnipresent phenomenon in modern organisations. In this study, we focus on two forms of silence: defensive silence based on fear and acquiescent silence based on resignation. Given the power imbalance in supervisor–subordinate relationships, we hypothesise that abusive supervision is an antecedent of subordinates’ defensive silence and that a subordinate’s power distance orientation affects acquiescent silence. We investigate the interaction effects of abusive supervision and power distance orientation on these two types of silence. Perceived organisational politics may also aggravate such interactive effects. Based on data collected from 159 junior employees in China in two periods, we find that abusive supervision is associated with employee defensive silence and moderates high-power-distance employees’ tendency to engage in acquiescent silence. When perceiving high politics in the organisation, high-power-distance employees are more sensitive to abusive supervision and engage in more defensive silence. A highly political organisational context also accentuates abusive supervision’s moderating effect on the relation between employees’ power distance orientation and acquiescent silence. We conclude with theoretical and practical implications for the silence literature. 相似文献
110.
以160名中学教师为被试,采用2×2的完全随机设计,以模拟故事(scenarios)的方法呈现刺激,研究了在职称评定中分配不公正的前提下,程序公正/不公正,互动公正/不公正对教师的退缩行为(消极怠工、拒绝帮助、离职、对校长的消极态度)的影响。结果表明,在分配不公正条件下:(1)程序公正、互动公正均影响教师的消极怠工程度;(2)程序公正、互动公正均影响教师的拒绝帮助行为程度,而且交互作用显著;(3)互动公正影响教师对上司的消极态度,程序公正无显著影响;(4)程序公正和互动公正对离职意愿影响均不显著 相似文献