Visual awareness and the on-line modification of action.

An influential theory of visually guided action proposes that (a) conscious perception of target displacement disrupts on-line action and (b) small target perturbations are inconsequential, provided the participant is unaware of them. This study examined these claims in a study of rapid aiming movements to targets. Novel features included on-line verbal reports of target displacement, and the factorial combination of small versus large displacements occurring near peak saccadic velocity or 100 ms later. Although awareness of target displacement had no effect on movement kinematics, even small target displacements near peak saccadic velocity affected kinematic measures. These results support both a strong view of visual stream separation in the on-line control of action and richer spatial coding by unconscious processes than has previously been acknowledged.     

发展性阅读障碍与知觉加工

近年来许多行为实验和神经生理学实验都发现 ,发展性阅读障碍与基本知觉障碍有关。在视觉领域研究者提出了巨细胞障碍假设 ,这种假设认为阅读障碍者视觉神经系统中的巨细胞障碍导致他们对某种类型的视觉刺激加工存在困难 ,进而影响阅读。在听觉领域研究发现阅读障碍者加工快速、系列、短暂呈现的声音刺激存在障碍。研究者认为阅读障碍者加工快速刺激输入障碍反映了普遍的时间知觉障碍。这方面的研究发展非常迅速 ,理论观点非常明确 ,并且直接与内在的神经机制相联系 ,形成了与传统的“语言障碍”理论迥然不同的“知觉障碍”理论。“知觉障碍”理论综合了行为、认知和神经等多个层次的研究 ,反映了神经科学发展所带来的巨大影响和认知加工模块化理论的渐渐衰退。     

教育和心理研究中的多层线性模型

多层线性模型是分析具有层次结构数据的一种新型统计分析技术,与传统统计方法相比,具有模型假设与实际更吻合、结果解释更合理等特点。近年来这一方法的应用逐渐在社会科学的研究中受到重视。文章从多层线性模型的基本假设入手,较系统地介绍了模型参数估计和假设检验的方法,并通过一个具体例子将这一方法与传统回归分析方法相比,进一步说明了多层线性模型在分析具有层次结构数据时的优点。     

Case and Reanalysis

In this paper we discuss an asymmetry in the Case system of German and its implications for human sentence processing: the asymmetry between nominative/accusative and dative case. Starting from the assumption that dative case has a distinct grammatical representation--dative DPs are embedded into an extra structural layer KP--the results of two experiments will be presented, which show that dative assignment during reanalysis is accompanied by additional processing operations that are not needed when accusative or nominative are assigned. In particular, we show that dative assignment during reanalysis triggers reaccess to the mental lexicon, giving rise to greater processing difficulty. We conclude with a discussion of empirical and theoretical consequences of our findings.     

确定婴儿面部表情模式的初步尝试

本实验拍摄了一岁婴儿六种具体基本情绪的表情照片。它们是愉快、惊奇、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶和惧怕。并进行了辨认实验和标定工作。本实验結果支持了婴儿具有基本面部表情模式的立场。所得表情模式与C.E.Izard在Max中所描述的基本一致。由此证明基本情绪的面部模式具有跨文化的性质。     

立体深度知觉恒常性的研究

本实验研究在六米以内的观察距离上测定了立体深度知觉的恒常性程度,并试用布伦斯维克比率计算了立体常性程度。结果发现,在六米以内不排除辐合、调节为有效的距离线索的条件下,对三种不同的客体深度进行观察其知觉深度保持恒常。立体深度知觉常性也可以用布伦斯维克比率计算其恒常性程度。     

再认指标的探讨

记忆研究的再认法传统上常用计算保持量作为再认的指标,而信号检测论则用计算辨别力指数d′作为再认的指标。它们各有特点,又各有局限性。本文从理论和实验上探讨了这些问题,并提出修正的计算方法,同时还分析了应用模糊集合统计处理信号检测论评价法的结果,计算再认程度函数作为再认的指标,比传统的指标及d′更具优越性:(1)比较符合心理判断的实际;(2)无须信号检测论的基本假设;(3)可排除判断标准的影响,有利于不同被试个体再认能力的比较。     

The impact of transference and countertransference in activity group therapy

The effective use of countertransference reactions in children's group psychotherapy is discussed. Countertransferences activated by the group dynamics or by the dynamics of individual group members must be analyzed and understood by the therapist if they are to be utilized. The analysis of resistances in children's therapy groups is enhanced by the therapists' awareness of their own countertransference reactions. Clinical examples are presented.     

The utilization of visual information in the control of rapid sequential aiming movements.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of vision in the execution of a movement sequence. Experiment 1 investigated whether individual components of a sequential movement are controlled together or separately. Participants executed a rapid aiming movement to two targets in sequence. A full vision condition was compared to a condition in which vision was eliminated while in contact with the first target. The size of the first target was constant, while the second target size was varied. Target size had an influence on movement time and peak velocity to the first target. Vision condition and target size did not affect the time spent on the first target. These results suggest that preparation of the second movement is completed before the first movement is terminated. Experiment 2 examined when this preparation occurred. A full vision condition was compared to a condition in which vision was occluded during the flight phase of the first movement. Movement initiation times were shorter when vision was continually available. Total movement time was reduced with vision in two-target condition, but not in a control one-target condition. The time spent on the first target was greater when vision was not available during the first movement component. The results indicate that vision prior to movement onset can be used to formulate a movement plan to both targets in the sequence [Fischman & Reeve (1992).     

关于健康社会性格的跨文化研究

社会性格作为国民素质的重要组成,其健康程度将直接影响精神文明建设的成效。本研究发现,当代人健康社会性格体系由五个因素构成,分别是：进取心、道德感、安定感、领导性与家庭性,为进一步深入探究,本研究采用跨文化方式,将日韩、欧美的参照样本与当代中国人进行比较研究,发现性别与国别因素对于五个因素中的若干项具有显著性影响,体现出跨文化差异性。本研究对于成功塑造跨世纪中国人健康社会性格将具有积极的理论与实践意义。