祈使句和逻辑(英文)

本文基于更新框架定义了一种动态的祈使句语义,并在此基础之上讨论了关于祈使句的逻辑。这个语义对于祈使句的一致性问题和Ross悖论提供了一种直接的解决方案。我们的工作在祈使句和祈使力结构之间的对应之上展开。首先,根据处理祈使句相容性的不同方式,我们给出了几种不同的祈使句一致性定义。然后,祈使句的意义被处理为祈使力机构上的依赖相容性的更新函项。最后,祈使句之间的蕴涵关系被归约为祈使力结构之间的某种关系。基于不同的相容性定义,我们给出了几种不同的蕴涵关系。     

情境事件、关系取向与人际关系满意感的关系

该文采用问卷方法探讨了情境事件、情绪和关系取向与人际关系满意感的关系。研究结果显示,年龄、性别和职业均影响着人们对关系满意感两个维度的评价。消极事件直接影响个体对关系不满意维和满意维的评价,导致个体的不满意感产生,而积极事件则只能通过情绪间接的影响着个体对关系的评价。关系缘分观能够解释人际关系满意感。结论：情境事件和关系取向均影响着人们对自身人际关系满意感的评价。     

朱熹哲学中"太极"概念的几种涵义

评述朱熹的太极范畴并不是简单的问题。哲学史上认为朱熹的形上学是从宇宙发生论到本体论的转变,而太极是这一转变的核心概念。这种看法大体无差。但笔者认为朱熹的太极概念中有几种含义可作详细分疏。关于太极,朱熹在他的文章中或者在与学生之间的谈话中所述内容中有种种不同之处,甚至互相矛盾,令人迷惑不解。《朱子语类》中说到“太极”处,共有334次。在《朱子语类》和《近思录》首篇涉及的问题中我们会发现朱熹和他的弟子们心目中的太极,与宇宙论的“天地”、存在论、本体或心性论的“理”、“性”等又有密切关系。笔者认为造成这种现象…     

华人社会中的宗教与环保初探

面对环境问题,宗教领袖选择对宗教经典进行重新诠释,认为宗教在处理这些议题上扮演了重要的角色.本文则越过宗教教义,直接考察华人社会宗教团体的环保参与,并得出一些初步的认识:第一、宗教与环保没有直接的因果关系,但宗教可以成为环保运动的同路人,并对处理环境危机做出贡献.许多宗教参与环保并非源自其教义,而是因为世俗的环保运动如火如荼.第二,有组织的宗教(如台湾的佛教)比那些没有组织的宗教(如儒教)在进行资源动员保护环境方面更有效率.第三,强调自利与个人主义的民间宗教更多地推动地方上的环境保护,而强调利他和集体主义取向的宗教团体则更具心系苍生、环保天下的气质.     

论焦循“假卜筮而行教”的易学观

论文分”四圣同吉说”、“忠恕一贯论”、“迁善改过说”三部分,详细论证了清代著名易学家焦循“假卜筮而行教”的易学观。论文指出一、焦循认为元、亨、利、贞为易学之本。是“(?)、文、周、孔”四位圣人思想的核心,同时也是焦循本人追求的四个道德理想。二、焦循研究易学,旨在恢复儒家仁义道德的正统地位．以儒家的理论排斥宋儒的义理之学,将自己的道德学说融入易学之中。三、焦循将易学的变通思想概括为一个“迁普改过”的过程,那么就必须透过《周易》的占卜形式来发挥教化人的作用。因此,焦循的迁善改过说客观上仍是以儒家的伦理观念作为其思想基础的。     

Experimental Tests of Normative Group Influence and Representation Effects in Computer‐Mediated Communication

Two experiments addressed the questions of if and how normative social influence operates in anonymous computer‐mediated communication (CMC) and human‐computer interaction (HCI). In Experiment 1, a 2 (public response vs. private response) × 2 (one interactant vs. four interactants) × 3 (textbox vs. stick figure vs. animated character) mixed‐design experiment (N = 72), we investigated how conformity pressure operates in a simulated CMC setting. Each participant was asked to make a decision in hypothetical social dilemmas after being presented with a unanimous opinion by other (ostensible) participants. The experiment examined how the visual representation of interaction partners on the screen moderates this social influence process. Group conformity effects were shown to be more salient when the participant's responses were allegedly seen by others, compared to when the responses were given in private. In addition, participants attributed greater competence, social attractiveness, and trustworthiness to partners represented by anthropomorphic characters than those represented by textboxes or stick figures. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, replacing interaction with a computer(s) rather than (ostensible) people, to create an interaction setting in which no normative pressure was expected to occur. The perception of interaction partner (human vs. computer) moderated the group conformity effect such that people expressed greater public agreement with human partners than with computers. No such difference was found for the private expression of opinion. As expected, the number of computer agents did not affect participants' opinions whether the responses were given in private or in public, while visual representation had a significant impact on both conformity measures and source perception variables.     

A performance comparison between the two language versions of the Affective Go/No‐Go test: A randomised crossover study

The purpose of this randomised crossover study is to validate the Korean version of the Affective Go/No‐go (AGN) test. The Korean words for the AGN test were selected after careful evaluation of emotional valences, word length and frequency. Fifteen Korean advanced learners of English were administered both Korean and English versions, yielding 30 data points. The performance of both language versions was compared for each of the AGN test parameters (response latency, commission error and omission error) using two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were estimated to evaluate associations between the two versions. The ICCs were high for response latencies of all valences and commission errors of positive and neutral words, but not for that of negative words and omission errors of all valences. A similar pattern of test results, as revealed by the high ICCs and non‐significant interaction effects between language and word valence, suggests that the psychometric properties of the AGN test may be comparable over different language versions.     

“和而不同”：中西文化下人际互动和谐相容模型比较

孔子提出“君子和而不同,小人同而不和”的和谐伦理观。“和”是中国传统文化的一个核心概念,在中国古代哲学思想中,“同”与“和”是一对相互联系又相互区别的概念。现代心理学从人际理论和社会认知理论都阐述了同与和的关系。人际理论家分别从特质、情境和行为互动层面提出互补匹配与和谐的关系,而社会认知理论家以自我和他人相似特质为起点,建构了以感知水平和情感为中介的相似性和谐模式。本文结合以往实证研究结果,提出了中国传统文化下,“和而不同”的思想贯穿于整个人际互动的过程中,同时关系层面是影响互动双方评价互动和谐的一个重要因素．     

Maternal perceptions of the sleep patterns of premature infants at seven months corrected age compared to full-term infants

It has been reported that 83%–87% of full-term infants regularly sleep through the night (from midnight to 5 a.m.) by 6 months of age, but there is little information about the sleep patterns of premature infants. The purpose of the current study was to identify maternal perceptions of the sleep patterns of premature infants. Parents of 32 premature infants with birth weight below 1,750 gm and of 13 full-term infants completed a 24-hour sleep record in 30-minute epochs for 1 week at 7 months of chronological (term) or corrected age (premature). Mean birth weight of premature infants was 1,278 ± 340 gm, with a gestational age of 30.4 ± 2.7 weeks. The daily total sleep time, longest sleep segment, frequency of sleep-wake transitions, and percentage of night sleep (8 p.m.–8 a.m.), averaged from the 1-week sleep record and number of night wakenings per week, were used as indicators of sleep patterns. The longest reported sleep segments of premature infants were significantly shorter than those of full-term infants (8.2 ± 2 hours versus 9.6 ± 1 hour, p < 0.01) and the number of night wakenings per week was significantly greater (3.13 ± 3 versus 0.54 ± 7, p < 0.005). Total reported sleep time, percentage of night sleep, and sleep-wake transitions did not differ significantly between premature and full-term infants. However, analysis of feeding events revealed that premature infants received significantly more feedings between midnight and 5 a.m. (M = 0.31 + 3 versus M = 0.06 + 1, p < 0.001). We conclude that sleep pattern diaries kept by parents indicate that premature infants have developed a diurnal sleep rhythm by 7 months corrected age, but they still have shorter sleep segments and they awaken more during the night than term infants.