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71.
Joyce Ehrlinger Kerri Johnson Matthew Banner David Dunning Justin Kruger 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2008
People are typically overly optimistic when evaluating the quality of their performance on social and intellectual tasks. In particular, poor performers grossly overestimate their performances because their incompetence deprives them of the skills needed to recognize their deficits. Five studies demonstrated that poor performers lack insight into their shortcomings even in real world settings and when given incentives to be accurate. An additional meta-analysis showed that it was lack of insight into their own errors (and not mistaken assessments of their peers) that led to overly optimistic estimates among poor performers. Along the way, these studies ruled out recent alternative accounts that have been proposed to explain why poor performers hold such positive impressions of their performance. 相似文献
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Characteristics of problem gamblers 56 years of age or older: a statewide study of casino self-excluders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gambling among older adults appears to be increasing, though little is known about the characteristics of older adult problem gamblers. The purpose of this study was to compare older adults to younger and middle-aged adults in a cohort of problem gamblers participating in a state-administered casino self-exclusion program. Self-reported problem gamblers (N = 1,601) who voluntary banned themselves from Missouri casinos from 2001 to 2003 were categorized by age as younger adults (ages 21 to 35; n = 490), middle-aged adults (ages 36 to 55; n = 950), and older adults (ages 56 to 79; n = 161), and were compared with respect to demographic variables, gambling participation, and reasons for self-exclusion. Older adult self-excluders typically began gambling in midlife, experienced gambling problems around age 60, reported preferences for nonstrategic forms of gambling, and identified fear of suicide as the primary reason for self-excluding. Implications for intervention, prevention and treatment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
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Therapeutic alliance and cohesion variables as predictors of outcome in short-term group psychotherapy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The current study explored the relative ability of aggregate therapeutic alliance and cohesion variables to predict short-term group therapy outcome. Data were collected from a comparative trial of two forms of time-limited group psychotherapy for complicated grief (Piper, McCallum, Joyce, Rosie, & Ogrodniczuk, 2001). The therapeutic alliance and elements of the cohesion construct were measured from the perspectives of each patient and the group therapist at intervals during the groups; scores were aggregated across assessments. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses, adjusting for the effects of treatment approach (interpretive vs. supportive) and specific group membership, demonstrated that the patient-rated alliance was a consistent predictor of outcome. Two cohesion measures, reflecting other participants' (therapist, other members) views of the patient's "fit" with the group, also accounted for variation in outcome. Implications of the findings for research and clinical practice, and the limitations of the measurement approach taken in this study, are considered. 相似文献
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Reder LM Oates JM Dickison D Anderson JR Gyula F Quinlan JJ Ferris JL Dulik M Jefferson BF 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2007,14(2):261-269
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment that usedmidazolam, a benzodiazepine that creates temporary amnesia, we compared acquisition and retention of paired associates of different
types. Some word pairs were studied before the injection of saline or midazolam, and two lists of word pairs were studied
after the injection. Critical comparisons involved retention of pairs that were practiced on all three lists, pairs studied
on only one list, and pairs that involved recombining cue and response terms from one list to the next, as a function of drug
condition. Previous research with benzodiazepines had found retrograde facilitation for material acquired prior to injection,
compared with the control condition. One explanation for this facilitation is that the anterograde amnesia produced by the
benzodiazepine frees up the hippocampus to better consolidate previously learned material (Wixted, 2004, 2005). We accounted
for a rich data set using a simple computational model that incorporated interference effects (cue overload) at retrieval
for both general (experimental context) interference and specific (stimulus term) interference without the need to postulate
a role for consolidation. The computational model as an Excel spreadsheet may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
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